A Speech Delivered By The Great Depression - 1549 Words

It is quite ironic how a speech delivered nearly 80 years ago about the financial state of this country still applies today. Huey P Long delivered his radio speech amidst the United States of America’s most excruciating financial crisis, the Great Depression. However, it appears that the Great Depression and the more recent Great Recession have all too much in common. I don’t particularly believe history has repeated itself simply because the America has not learned from its mistakes. Rather, it appears that this sovereign nation never had a choice as to where our money belongs. Long infamously directed the blame to the few people who hold the bulk of the US’s wealth. This country began with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming that the many deserve and demand the right to a better life without the condemnation of the few that hold the reins of power. The only difference between 1776 as opposed to 1934 and 2016 happens to be that the power or in other words wealth was held by a land distinctly separate from that of our own. As a foreign land the 13 colonies declared their independence from those who sought to push them down as a society in order for the betterment of a well established nation. In retrospect, America was founded in particular on ideals to avoid the displacement of power and to spread wealth and opportunity in the land. However, as the young nation that we came to be, there was not enough experience or know how to regulate this wealthShow MoreRelatedPresident Roosevelt s Declaration Of War On Japan Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe radio to hear your favorite radio talk show host, but instead the President’s voice comes through the airways and announces a national state of emergency. How would you feel? How would you react? What would you do? As President Roosevelt delivered his speech he had two main points that he wanted to relay to the nation. The first point was to encourage Congress to formally declare war on Japan. Insisting that the attack was just a start to the many more to come. The second point was to gather theRead MoreFDR Inaugural Address817 Words   |  3 PagesFDR Inaugural Address Speech Analysis Essay In arguably one of the most powerful of American political addresses ever given, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt argues that, â€Å"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself’, and that in order to restore America to its pre-depression state, the American people must believe that he can lead them through the Great Depression, so long as they appoint him the wartime executive powers required to handle the situation effectively. Roosevelt emphasizes theRead MoreTaking a Look at Calvin Coolidge1083 Words   |  4 Pagesteenage sister named Abigail Grace Coolidge but she unfortunately died several years later also. Calvins earliest family ancestor dating back into the American culture was also John Coolidge and he dated his arrival back as early as 1630. His great-great-grandfather was also named John Coolidge and served as an officer in the Revolutionary War. Now to talk about Calvins education. You might wonder where Silent Cal got his education, well that place is known as Amherst College, located in MassachusettsRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt s Accomplishments1215 Words   |  5 PagesRoosevelt s accomplishments were truly great or his effectiveness was just a product of the time-period in which he served as President is still debated. However, one thing that no one can deny is that Roosevelt took a different route to becoming the leader of our nation. Whether he was coping with the death of a loved one or fighting an illness, Roosevelt never strayed from the path that he had to take. Most people remember him for his actions during the Great Depression and World War II, but those periodsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of The Mexican-American and the Chruch Speech1125 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Church† The impact of one single speech can essentially affect the entire world. Granted, there are different degrees of impact felt: those present at the speech, those who watched/heard the actual speech from somewhere else, those who heard some things about it from someone else, and so on and so forth. As the speaker’s message experiences a sort of ripple affect, it calms and becomes less and less dynamic. The main point, or gist, of the speech endures but potentially valuable details;Read MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt, the country was re-geared for mobilization and war against tyranny in whichever form it presented itself. The President delivered many great speeches that brought the United States to global involvement with the use of early national media and propaganda. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous â€Å"Four Freedoms† speech along with the events of Pearl Harbor were the inspiration th at rallied and unified the American people to come out of â€Å"Isolationist America† and enterRead MoreInterprofessional Palliative Care Of An Als Patient Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthe disease. His husband, Ralph also has health problems of GERD and osteoarthritis in his back. Tim is involved in a palliative care program consisting of team members like a nurse, social worker, primary care provider, physical therapist and a speech-language pathologist. He needs this because the care will help Ralph and Pat get valuable advice, support and guidance for grief, comfort care, and bereavement counseling. Plan To help prolong Tim?s life I?d use these strategies: Ensure that TimRead MoreAnalysis of Franklin D Roosevelts First Inaugural Address Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesRoosevelt was one that strove to lift the American people off their feet as the country entered some of its worst years during the Great Depression. One of Roosevelts strong advantages during his address was his ability to relate to the very real concerns of the everyday American citizens. With pressures of the failing economy facing the President-elect, he delivered this speech, addressing the nation about his plans for a New Deal. Roosevelt made his first point in his address by stating, â€Å"...the onlyRead MoreChurchill and Roosevelts Speeches Attempted to Bring Hope to Our Courntry691 Words   |  3 PagesIn Winston Churchill’s speech â€Å"blood, toil, tears, and sweat†, and in Franklin D. Roosevelts The Great Arsenal of Democracy, there are many different rhetorical devices and they use them to bu ild an effective argument. Both speeches were written and spoken at different times and different events were going on when the speeches were made, but both speeches are similar in the way that they are constructed and by the devices used in both. In their speeches both Churchill and Roosevelt tried toRead MoreHuey P. Long s Speech1588 Words   |  7 PagesHuey P. Long’s speech was judged based on his practices as a Louisiana senator and governor, however it had the potential to be so much more had he lived to continue his legacy. People appeared to be afraid of how Governor Long operated within the legislative system of Louisiana because of the fact that, he tended to find his way around legal statutes that hindered his agenda. Some could argue that he stepped out of the bounds of power that reigns in a representative of a democratic nation, however

The Mayan Civilization Ancient Civilization - 1425 Words

The Mayan Civilization: For many centuries the Mayan was of life was a mystery to archaeologists. Their geography, social structure, government, economy/trade, technology, writing, and arts were all thought to be forever lost. Now, as archaeologists are still uncovering more information, what was once referred to as â€Å"The Lost Civilization of Maya†, has been awakened from the grave of unknown. Geography: The ancient Mayan Civilization surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean stretched from the southern tip of Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The tropical climate was ideal for growing, their main crop, maize along with sweet potatoes, avocado pears, and paw paws. There was plenty of rain in the whole†¦show more content†¦Commoners could not vote as the Mayan Civilization was not a democracy. The Mayan Civilization has always had a strong social class and was always a monarchy. Government: The Mayans always were a separated nation, that was made up of a collection of city-states. They had a hierarchical system in their government. They lived in city-states much like the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. The Mayans has no professional armies but warfare was still quite important to the government. Mayan government would also raid other city-states. The Mayan rulers were thought of as a human-god hybrid. The rules were passed down by generation. It was unlikely for women to become rulers but occasionally when the king was too young, at war or unavailable for some other reason women would rule. All city-states were similar in the laws, the gods they believed in, architectural style, clothing and their way of life. Yet the Mayans never came together because of the common greed that nobles shared: wanting more power and land. Economy/Trade: The most important trading item for the Mayans was salt and the Yucatan Peninsula had lots of salt. The people of the Yucatan Peninsula traded honey, beeswax, bird feathers, and slaves. The feathers traded ranged from toucans all the way to hummingbirds, these feathers were used in clothing. The lowland products included cacao, lime stone for building, vannila, jaguar pelts andShow MoreRelatedMayan Civilization : Ancient Civilizations1314 Words   |  6 PagesMayan Civilization The mayan civilization was one of the earliest civilizations that occupied areas that are today known as Guatemala, Northern Belize, and Mexico. The mayan civilization lived through what is known as the Classic Period. Their culture began about 250 C.E. and ended near 900 C.E. While most of the population lived in what is present day Guatemala the population of the mayans rose from 5,000 to almost two million people near the end of the Classic Period. Although the mayans are knownRead MoreAncient Civilization And The Mayan People917 Words   |  4 PagesEvery ancient civilization had a set of beliefs and the Mayan people were no different. The Mayan people believed in two worlds, the â€Å"everyday world and the underworld, or the Place of Awe,† (2012). The Mayans believed in many gods, human sacrifice and the burial process for the poor and the kings were very different. The Mayans became around 250 AD and the Olmec’s influenced their religious culture. It was not until 900 AD that the Mayans began to flourish in cities across modern day Mexico, GuatemalaRead MoreThe Ancient Mayan Civilization : A Rigid Social Structure1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ancient Mayan Civilization was built upon a rigid social structure based on their religious beliefs. They used a caste social structure in which divisions were based on wealth, inherited rank, privilege, profession, or occupation. Their beliefs were based on the fact that nature elements had the power to either help or harm. The Ancient Mayans used their social structure and beliefs to shape their daily lives. The Mayans were a very religious. They believed in many gods and all events centeredRead MoreAncient Maya Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Maya Essay Matthew Pitcher Mrs Meligrana Ancient Civilizations June 8th, 2011 Pitcher1 The Ancient Mayan civilization stands out from other ancient civilizations and is great because of its outstanding achievements and developments. The Mayans are still known to this day for their exceptional architecture, medical discoveries, astronomy, and military tactics which were very successful. In this essay I will explain what the Mayans have achieved to make themselvesRead MoreFactors That Affect The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesRise and the Fall of Mayan Civilization Area and Egyptian Civilization Area In ancient time, environmental factors were very important. It directed the people to where they should settle to practice agriculture for their living. Among many different important environmental factors such as geography, geology, plant and animal species, agricultural potential, resource abundance, one of the most significants factors which influenced to the rise and the fall of civilizations is climate. In my paperRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilizations733 Words   |  3 Pagesof civilizations. Three major ones are the Aztec, Maya, and Inca . These different civilizations play a very important role in history today. The Maya empire was highly skilled at building and architecture. They also were the only empire in mesoamerica to develop a complete writing system. The Maya were also highly skilled at agriculture and farming. The Maya were by far the most advanced and smart civilization. The Maya empire was very precise and exact when it came to architecture. Mayans builtRead MoreThe Cultural Similarities Differences Between the Inca and Mayan Empires619 Words   |  3 PagesInca and Mayan empires existed at different times in history, they have a few things in common. Like other societies throughout history though, they have many things that set them apart from each other. The biggest similarity they share is that they both had control of massive empires that eventually ceased to exist. To start off with, the Mayans existed earlier in history than the Incas. The Mayans existed from 1000 BC to AD 1697 and no one is quite certain what wiped out their ancient civilizationRead MoreEconomy in Early American Civilizations: Maya, Aztecs and Inca865 Words   |  4 PagesThe economic systems of early American societies were very similar. One of these societies, the Mayans, lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America from the 3rd to the 10th century CE, and they relied on the trade of goods such as obsidian and crops such as cacao beans. Another American civilization was the Aztec civilization. They were located in the Valley of Mexico around the 13th to 16th century CE, and they used slash-and-burn farming to plant crops to trade. The Inca Empire existedRead MorePhilosophy624 Words   |  3 Pagesreligion plays a critical role in ancient civilization, culture creation, and preservation in the sense that they not only bind, but also influence the societal stru cture, statutes, and personal lives. This paper documents the Mayan culture taking into consideration their civilization, ideologies, as well as their rituals. Civilization Factors contributing to culture creation and preservation extend from geographical to a number of patterns. The origin of the Mayan culture from the central partRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to the technology

Lyman Frank Baum Free Essays

Lyman Frank Baum is an American writer, independent film maker, and actor who was born on May 15, 1856 in Chittenango, New York from a Scottish Irish mother named Cynthia Stanton who is the direct descendant of Thomas Stanton, the founder of the Stonington, Connecticut, and a German father named Benjamin Ward Baum. From 1880 to 1902 he became a newspaper-man and began writing a series of books in which he made an original fairyland, a world of fantastic characters and light-hearted adventures, and the Land of Oz, and from this books, the most famous was the â€Å"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† written in 1900 (L. Frank Baum, Encarta). We will write a custom essay sample on Lyman Frank Baum or any similar topic only for you Order Now Baum wrote 13 sequels, 9 other fantasy novels, 82 short stories, over 200 poems, and many miscellaneous writing, which resulted to numerous attempts to bring back his work to the screen and stage. Because of Baum’s love for theatre, often to his financial detriment, he often support elaborate musicals. Baum adapted the â€Å"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† as a ‘musical extravaganza’ named The Wizard of Oz in 1901, and before Baum’s death he wrote an additional thirteen more books all about Oz (L. Frank Baum, Encarta). The book became the best selling children’s book after its initial publication in 1900. Baum was originally a Methodist but later he joined the Episcopal Church to be included in community theatrical arts, and later he was encouraged by his wife in 1897 to become a Theosophist. According to records, Baum’s belief is reflected or can be seen in his writings. After Baum’s death in May 6, 1919, several writers continued his series, which resulted to huge volumes. Works Cited â€Å"L. Frank Baum.† 2007.   L. Frank Baum – MSN Encarta, 12 January 2008    How to cite Lyman Frank Baum, Essay examples

Dilbert Toys Manufacturing Company

Question: Discuss about the Dilbert Toysmanufacturing company. Answer: Introduction Dilbert Toys is a toy manufacturing company which makes the popular Flopping Freddy Frog and Jumpin Jill Junebug doll. Each doll is made in batches and thus incurs a set up cost for each batch of dolls they manufacture. The company currently uses number of set ups as the cost driver to determine the total set up costs. The company has recently hired Bec Williams as an accountant for the company. He has found that the time taken for set up for each product is different and hence recommended to use number of set up hours to determine the total set up costs. To find a better way to calculate total set up costs, he has collected data for the past 9 months and used regression analysis find the relation between the number of set ups and the total set up costs and the number of set up hours and the total set up costs. The regression output for the number of set ups and the total set up costs is given below: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.681718718 R Square 0.46474041 Adjusted R Square 0.388274754 Standard Error 51351.14094 Observations 9 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 16026703955 16026703955 6.077766624 0.043128194 Residual 7 18458577734 2636939676 Total 8 34485281689 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 14256.33005 61323.4193 0.232477742 0.822817753 -130750.5144 159263.1745 -130750.5144 159263.1745 X Variable 1 421.4687192 170.9595388 2.465312683 0.043128194 17.21364777 825.7237907 17.21364777 825.7237907 The regression output for the number of set up hours and the total set up costs is given below: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.919609196 R Square 0.845681073 Adjusted R Square 0.823635512 Standard Error 27572.5839 Observations 9 ANOVA Df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 29163550010 29163550010 38.3606056 0.000448041 Residual 7 5321731679 760247382.7 Total 8 34485281689 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 7526.77784 26191.23859 0.287377697 0.782144324 -54405.66012 69459.2158 -54405.66012 69459.2158 X Variable 1 55.75526099 9.002085339 6.193593916 0.000448041 34.46871168 77.0418103 34.46871168 77.0418103 The graph plot for the number of set ups and the total set up costs The graph plot for the number of set up hours and the total set up costs The regression analysis of a data provides the value of equation of the regression line i.e. the co-efficient of dependent variable, co-efficient of constant term and the R square value of the regression analysis. The p value helps in checking the statistical significance of the regression analysis. The R square value is the percentage of the output data that can be predicted using the input data. The value of R square various between 0 and 1. If the input variables can predict the output with 100% accuracy the R square value is 1. If the input variables cannot predict the output at all then the R square value is 0. In the case of the regression analysis of the number of set ups and set up costs shows that the co-efficient of dependent variable is 421.46, co-efficient of constant term is 14256.33and the R square value is 0.464. Thus the equation of the line is Set up costs = 421.46* Number of set ups + 14256.33 In this case the number of set ups can estimate 46.4% of the total set up costs. The p value of the regression analysis shows that the co-efficient of dependent variable, co-efficient of constant term are statistically significant with confidence interval of 95% In the case of the regression analysis of the number of set up hours and set up costs shows that the co-efficient of dependent variable is 55.75, co-efficient of constant term is 7526.77 and the R square value is 0.845. Thus the equation of the line is Set up costs = 55.75* Number of set ups + 7526.77 In this case the number of set ups can estimate 84.5 % of the total set up costs. Thus the number of set up hours is a better estimator of the set up costs than the number of set ups. The p value of the regression analysis shows that the co-efficient of dependent variable, co-efficient of constant term are statistically significant with confidence interval of 95%. Conclusion After the regression analysis of both the number of set ups and set up costs and the number of set up hours and set up costs it has been found that the R square value of the first case was 0.464 and the second case was 0.845. Thus it can be concluded that the number of set up hours is a better estimator of the set up costs than the number of set ups. Hence Dilbert Toys should start using the number of set up hours as the cost driver to estimate the set up costs and calculate the cost of manufacturing of each toy. References Frost Jim. (2013). How to Interpret Regression Analysis Results: P-values and Coefficients. Kishore Aseem. (2010). Add a Linear Regression Trendline to an Excel Scatter Plot.

Princeton 2017-2018 Supplemental Essay Prompts Short Answer Questions

Is Princeton your dream school? Here’s everything you need to know about applying this Fall! Located in New Jersey, Princeton University is one of the 8 Ivy League universities and one of the most competitive universities to get into. Princeton’s prestige and reputation is strong for a reason: Princeton offers students a well-rounded education with strong programs in the Humanities and the Sciences. It’s still important, however, that you do your research and learn more about the campus culture, student body and internship opportunities. See if Princeton’s really the best fit for you! Does Princeton offer what you’re interested? If you are applying this fall, here are the short answer questions and supplemental essays for the 2017-2018 application season:1. Short Answer Questions Your favorite book and its author Your favorite website Your favorite recording Your favorite source of inspiration Your favorite line from a movie or book and its title Your favorite movie Two adjectives your friends would use to describe you Your favorite keepsake or memento Your favorite word TIP: Don’t spend too much time on these questions, and be true to who you are! These short answer questions are meant to help the admissions office know a little bit more about you and your personality. 2. Extracurricular Activities Supplement Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences that was particularly meaningful to you. (Response required in about 150 words.)TIP: This is a perfect opportunity for you to elaborate on an extracurricular activity you dedicated much of your high school career to. Do not panic if you didnt do a ton of extracurriculars. While its impressive for students to take on a lot of different extracurricular activities, its equally impressive if you focused on one or two extracurricular you were really passionate about. Take the time here to tell the admissions office why this particular extracurricular activity was important to you, and what you learned from it. 3. Summer Experience Supplement Please tell us how you have spent the last two summers (or vacations between school years), including any jobs you have held. (Response required in about 150 words.) TIP: If you didnt do much during your summers, dont freak out! No matter how small or insignificant your summer experience may seem against a college summer program for example, it could still have a lot of value. Experiences are valuable not because of what you did, but because of what you took away from it. What did you learn by being a part of a summer program? What did you gain from babysitting for the summer? Your summer experiences do not have to be flashy for them to be meaningful. 4. Additional Essay Supplement In addition to the essay you have written for the Common Application or the Universal College Application, please write an essay of about 500 words (no more than 650 words and no fewer than 250 words). Using one of the themes below as a starting point, write about a person, event or experience that helped you define one of your values or in some way changed how you approach the world. Please do not repeat, in full or in part, the essay you wrote for the Common Application or Universal College Application.Prompt 1:Tell us about a person who has influenced you in a significant way. Prompt 2:â€Å"One of the great challenges of our time is that the disparities we face today have more complex causes and point less straightforwardly to solutions.†Omar Wasow, assistant professor of politics, Princeton University and co-founder of Blackplanet.com. This quote is taken from Professor Wasow’s January 2014 speech at the Martin Luther King Day celebration at Princeton University. Prompt 3:â€Å"Culture is what presents us with the kinds of valuable things that can fill a life. And insofar as we can recognize the value in those things and make them part of our lives, our lives are meaningful.†Gideon Rosen, Stuart Professor of Philosophy and director of the Behrman Undergraduate Society of Fellows, Princeton University. Prompt 4:Using a favorite quotation from an essay or book you have read in the last three years as a starting point, tell us about an event or experience that helped you define one of your values or changed how you approach the world. Please write the quotation, title and author at the beginning of your essay. TIP: While all these essay prompts are slightly different, they are all asking you the same question: How has it influenced your or your way of thinking?Use this supplemental essay to demonstrate your way of thinking and your values. How do others actions and thoughts influence yours, and vice versa? How do you take in new experiences and knowledge and transform the way you think or do things? As you write this supplemental essay, keep one thing in mind: show, dont tell. 5. Engineering Supplement This supplemental essay only applies to applicants who indicate they wish to pursue a degree in Bachelor of Science in Engineering. If you are interested in pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree, please write a 300-500 word essay describing why you are interested in studying engineering, any experiences in or exposure to engineering you have had and how you think the programs in engineering offered at Princeton suit your particular interests. TIP: If youre an applicant pursuing engineering, take this supplemental essay into account! Take advantage of every opportunity you have to tell the admissions office something new about you. If you choose to write about your interest in engineering in your Common App essay, then use this supplemental essay to further demonstrate your passion for engineering and how Princetons engineering department can help you achieve your dreams. Dont simply just reiterate what youve already said in your Common App essay!

How to effectively explain why you have gaps on your resume

How to effectively explain why you have gaps on your resume Job gaps happen, because life happens. Maybe you’ve gotten laid off (or even fired). Maybe you took some time off from working to attend to personal matters, like a health issue, or caring for a child or family member. Our careers aren’t always constant, linear paths. But unfairly or not, having gaps can put you at a disadvantage against other candidates that have been working constantly in the field, picking up steady experience and a continuous progression through the ranks. Let’s explore how to maximize your resume to show that you’re just as qualified, gaps and all.Consider whether you should mention it at all.If the gap happened in the past, and you’re currently (or recently) employed, then you don’t need to talk about your gap at all unless asked. Don’t jump the gun just because you’re anxious about it- your interviewer might not even bring it up!Be honest†¦Sure, a few fake dates may go unnoticed by the resume reader. But they might not. And if your hiring process involves a background check, or you get tripped up when talking about your experience in person at a job interview, it’s going to be an embarrassing (and likely costly) mistake. If you’ve been out of the workforce for two years, acknowledge that fact, potentially in your cover letter, always emphasizing that you’re ready to jump back in.If an interviewer asks you why you left your last job (which is a while ago) and you happen to have lost your job, it’s okay to admit that. People get the downsizing factor- it happens to most people at some point. But again: emphasize that your skills and experience have grown and that you’re excited about this new opportunity.†¦but finesse dates if you have to.Instead of using specific months of employment, go with the year. You won’t be able to hide a gap of a year or more that way, but if you’ve been out of the game for more than a few months but less than a year, it can be easier to obscure that to the reader.Be careful of the kind of information you reveal about your gap.This applies especially if you took time off to have a kid or had a medical issue in the past. Interviewers aren’t allowed to discriminate against you on the basis of family status or physical disability, which means they can’t ask you about those things. If you go ahead and mention them yourself, though, then you’ve opened that door. So, it’s important to tread carefully. Instead of saying, â€Å"I took some time off to treat my clinical depression,† say something vague like, â€Å"I took time off for a family health issue, but now that things are better I’m so ready to put my store manager hat back on.†Tweak your resume format.Not every resume has to have the traditional job experience + skills + education format, with your work experience moving backwards chronologically. If you’re trying to set a narrative for your resume around a gap in employment, put your skills up front, taking care to spotlight ones that directly relate to the job at hand. The hiring manager needs to know, first and foremost, that you’re a good fit for the job. So you can make that connection easier if you show that you have the skills.If you have a fairly long work history, in the experience section you can emphasize only the most relevant jobs (â€Å"Relevant Work Experience), omitting ones that are way back or just not very applicable to this new job. That way, you’re not setting the expectation that every bit of your work experience is listed on the resume.Look for other kinds of experience to highlight.Maybe you volunteered while you were out of work. Maybe you took classes in coding that bumped your skills up to the next level. Look outside the usual job experience bullet points to show that you may have a gap, but you haven’t been totally out of it. Anything you can use to show that you’ve been building in the meantime will help you make the case that you’re ready to seize this new opportunity.So if you have a gap on your resume, don’t despair. It can feel intimidating to know you’re up against people who don’t have the same issue, but always remember that you’ve got great experience and skills. It’s all about showing how you plan to use those to overcome whatever challenges have come your way.

Business Intelligence System modeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Intelligence System modeling - Essay Example In order to remain relevant in a competitive business environment, an organization should have a strong change management strategy that must influence all departments within an organization. In this business model, management processes, supportive processes and operational processes are interlinked to avoid departmental miscommunication. Centralization of information and data is vital in ensuring appropriate decision making process and implementation of an organization’s policy (Tennet &Economic group, 2005). Exponential Smooth This system modeling technique is essential in making future projections that are essential for risk aversion and developing financial strategies that can withstand economi9c shocks. A business may be affected by fiscal and monetary factors that may lead to inflation. As such, it is important for any business to develop computer programs that can utilize present performance of a business to detect future trends. One of the essential concepts that need to be applied is triple exponential smoothing. This business modeling technique takes into account seasonal changes when projecting possible business performance. This technique analyses the present business trends and uses them to make future projections. It takes into account the time variable (t), sequence of best time estimate for seasonal change (b), seasonal correction factor sequence c1, and the expected proportion of the forecasted trend (c2) (Tennet &Economic group, 2005). Data envelopment Data envelopment enhances productivity. It is essential in management and cost accounting department of an organization. This technique is used to measure the productive efficiency of decision making units in the organization. Data envelopment utilizes the cost variable such as labor cost in searching for the lowest unit in any given cost output in order to promote an efficient frontier. Any organization that does not have an efficient frontier is considered as ineffective in a competitive business environment. Different variables that include quality of service, number of employees, and safety of the environment can be analyzed and compared with other companies in order to determine strategies that can enhance business performance. The advantage of this technique is that it has the ability of accommodating a multiplicity of outputs and inputs. It is also essential in calculating efficiency by allowing the analysis of output level and size in determining efficiency. Cost management i s essential for any business because it maximizes profit and minimizes cost. Since one of the major factors of any business is to increase profit, data envelopment is useful because it promotes efficiency of costing techniques and developing managerial decision based on cost accounting data (Tennet &Economic group, 2005). Non linear programming This method uses mathematical optimization in solving non linear problems. It applies equalities and inequalities systems in determining long term business survival strategies. This technique is essential in forecasting an organization’s income statement to determine its profitability. In a typical non- convex problem, it can be used to optimize a specific expense among different forms of expenses to determine one that is economical. For instance, it can minimize transport cost by selecting a transport system that is economical. This technique is

Equity & trusts on the three certainties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equity & trusts on the three certainties - Essay Example This is because the property that was administered on behalf of the beneficiaries by the trustee cannot be determined with certainty. The significance of the subject matter in trust formulation may be able to be in the case of Re Goldcorp Exchange Limited. In this case, bankrupt creditors of the company involved in trading of wine asserted that they have the power to claim on the amount of wine they had paid for. It was the case despite the fact that the bottles of wine that they claim to have paid for could not be identified individually with certainty. The judge ruled that it is imperative to ascertain the subject matter with certainty for a trust to be present. Based on the case, it was challenging and, therefore, trust could be established. The rule may be exceptional only for intangible goods such as shares. The intention of the trust must be Cleary be if the trust is to be considered present. In the case of Re Hamilton of 1895, it was held that the law court must critically obs erve the words used by the testator to ascertain whether there was an intention to create trust. Other cases that have been utilized to substantiate the principle of intention include the case of Amber v Evan of 1870s, the case of Paul v Constance of 1977 and that of Hanbury of 1905. The four cases try to substantiate the significance of having a clear intention when creating a trust. In above connection, there must be an object certainty for the trust to be present2. However, the magnitude of object certainty may have a significant variation depending on the trust type. The two types of trust include fixed and discretionally trust. In fixed trust, the distribution of property to the beneficiary is fixed. On the contrary, discretionally trust is where the recipients may be from a given class of people. The principle of object certainty may be substantiated by the case law of Morice v Bishop of Durha. It was decided that trust cannot exist and

Proofread recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proofread recommendation - Essay Example Thus, the normal ordinary high school student who has not yet developed met cognitive skill will see Jaehyeukas one-step above analysis and he is able to be clean in the understanding of what he does. In addition, because of the high degree of concentration and patience, that Jaehyeuk has and his logical reasoning skills and mathematical problem solving ability has provided him with top grades and he has been able to maintain these grades. Because of this, Jaehyeuk would be an excellent candidate to be a college student in the University. A high level of education receive at the school at bipyeongjunhwa() region among Parkjaehyeuk students than showed that anyone else could have academic enthusiasm and sincere efforts for high academic achievement, history, and mathematics. It is important to know how to think critically, have historical context, understand historical or social phenomenon and a distinct view of history based on the national history curriculum, and have a wide range o f knowledge and a lot of dokseoryang (). Korean history, which is organized by the National History Compilation Committee Language Proficiency Test Level 2 (5/10/2010) and Class 1 (08.25.2010) has acquired mathematical conjecture about any object, and the ability to find and prove an ability to excel in math curriculum and math internal problem-solving skills and the application of the problem-solving skills is outstanding. Gyeonggi () English communication skills certification class (11/06/2009), English, Chinese English courses and courses in higher interest acquired, many Chinese in China-related books for extensive reading in many areas, including China's political, cultural and economic attention to lessons and activities have been very actively and aggressively read. We are confident that these points right after college are important in a person’s lifelong research in the field they want to show enough ability in to do well. Autonomous, adaptive, and event activities i n the first year of basic life habits are well-guarded rules of the class, and training activities (04/01/2009 ~ 04/03/2009, balwangsan () members) involved in the natural protective cleanup activities have been very important. Grade 2 states that one should always comply with school regulations and I have been working diligently to maintaining a clean environment on campus. I have been interested to learn the culture and the natural ecology of the Jeju () Island through on-site experiential learning (03/01/2010 - 04/03/2010) and I actively participate in the activities. Third grade is a time when students are educated, well mannered, and they have a young man exercise. As the order practice, Fuyuan was engaged in his career to establish his own identity as a rational thinking, exploring, and on-site learning experience (05/19/2011). One must find development activities in the first year of activities in the 'Kanji -1' water supply was excellent to know the exact sound and meaning o f Chinese characters in Sino literacy classes which I found interesting. Through a discussion of activities in Grade 2 when 'reading Hanmun () discussing wealth, the book was selected for a presentation in front of many people through the process with confidence and hope. The degi (Hwang Sok-yong)' movie 'Peppermint Candy' provided a good personal insight and dismal history to show

Marks And Spencer Strategy Analysis

Marks And Spencer Strategy Analysis Executive summary Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income. This report will introduce the history of MS and different market segment in MS, and analysis how MS can running there business in the competitive environment. Some operation management theories are applied in the process of analysis. Instruction Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. Now they sell stylish, high quality; great value clothing and home products and outstanding quality food. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income (Chase, 2001). First, it will introduce the history of MS and different market segment in MSà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and have an overview of Porters models of competition. Second, analyze how MS can running there business in the competitive environment, trying to explain more different market segment in MS and how the different market segment works together, analyzing their competitive advantage in this cloth industry. Finally, it will use Porters global generic strategy to analysis MS, discussing how MS attract different customers by using different strategy in the global environment. Discussion and Analysis Introduction about MS and Overview of Porters Models of Competition Martha is a retail business founded by a Jewish immigrant in United Kingdom 1884. 1884, 21-year-old Michael à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marcos in Kekegaite open-air market of United Kingdom Leeds City had opened a unique small stalls, which is the embryonic form of Marks and Spencer. Marcos. He displayed goods by category and price tag, getting rid of the bargaining traditional transactions. Most notably one is a billboard in his stall: Do not ask the price, a penny can be. This simple and eye-catching slogan quickly spread among the people in the middle and lower classes. By 1894, the British Spencer Tom with 300 pounds, and Marcos had co-founded Marks Spencer. The company from the early 20th century has become a national chain store. In 1926, MS in all major cities in United Kingdom has established a branch to become the UKs largest retailer. Until today, MS is still one of the worlds most profitable retailers (John Stanley, 1991). Porters competitive strategy theories are mainly five force model, general strategies, value chain, diamond system and industrial clusters. 1) Five Forces model provides a very useful analytical framework to study the competitiveness of industry, competition in the corresponding morphology and how to design a strategy. Porter believes that the intensity of competition in any industry is generally affected by five kinds of factors. The industrys competitive position and comprehensive degree lead to economy structure changes within industry, to determine the intensity of but from industry inner competition and determine the ultimate profitability within the industry. The companys core strategy should be to choose the right industry, as well as the industrys most attractive competitive position. 5 kinds of factors are the threat of potential entrants, threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of buyers, suppliers and the bargaining power of existing competition within industry. 2) The general strategy theory: Porter believes that the struggle with the five forces of competition, each company should only have two basic types of competitive advantage, namely, low-cost and product differentiation, which both with a special scope of business combination can be drawn from three types of successful strategic thinking, these three ideas is the overall cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and centralized business strategy. 3) Value Chain: Value Chain is an essential tool for analysis of source strengths. It can dissociate a variety of business activities with the value of transmission methods in order to understand the cost features of enterprise, as well as existing and potential differentiation sources. Business activities are independent and dependent. 4) Diamond system: the State plays an important role in the success of enterprise competition. Thus, Porter makes an extension of his research into the national competitiveness. In response to this theme, Porter puts forward the analytical framework of Diamond System (also known as diamond theory). He thinks factors that may strengthen their national enterprises to create competitive advantages include factors of production, demand conditions, business strategy, structure and competitors, related industries and support for industry performance. 5) Industrial clusters: regional competitiveness has a great impact on competitiveness of enterprises. Porter through the study of industrialized countries finds industrial cluster is a common phenomenon in the process of industrialization, in all developed economies, are it is clear that a variety of industrial clusters. Industrial cluster is defined as a specific area, with competitive and cooperative relations, and geographically concentrated, with interactive relevance enterprise, specialized suppliers, service providers, financial institutions, related industries such as manufacturers and other relevant bodies composed of groups. Complex ity and depth of different level of industrial clusters is different (Francisco J, 2009; Mohr, 2002). Analyze market segment and competitive advantage of MS In 1992, the company has 280 chain stores in the United Kingdom with sales of 75 billion dollars. From the view of Sales category, MS accounts for 15% of the UK clothing sales, food sales 4.6%. Guinness World Records reveals that volume of the companys flagship store in London MarbleArch is 3700 dollars per square foot. MS offers clothing having exquisite style, quality and value for money and household items, as well as outstanding quality foods, all products undergo rigorous screening, from more than 2,000 suppliers around the world. M S in the UK and other countries, more than 75,000 employees in the UK, currently has 622 stores in the international context, MS is also actively developing business. In the 07 and 08 fiscal year, sales exceeded 90 billion pounds. From a market positioning perspective, since the 20th century, 30 years, MS makes middle-class as a sale object, and make every effort to provide them with quality-price ratio appropriate goods. For customers to eat well a nd well dressed has always been motto of MS, which is also main historical reason for 100 years of food and clothing at the same time. After the First World War, due to a shortage of materials, a penny sales strategy is difficult to sustain. MS decisively changed its thinking, making sell project focused on clothing and food, and expanding rapidly, with unprecedented turnover. Until 20 the eighties and nineties, MS gained unprecedented praise in terms of quality, service, diversification. However, from 1998 to 2001, MS operating profit had been on the decline. MS decided to change strategy, developed a new program in overseas sourcing and manufacturing goods. This saved a lot of costs, and profits began to improve. With the emergence of electronic commerce, MS also creatively establish a website, combining traditional retailing with e-commerce. This allows people to see a century-old shop in the face of challenges, courage to change themselves and innovative vigor (Jemmeson, 1997). Most traditional retail stores are selling a variety of brands of goods, of course, there are also some traditional retailers also selling a small amount of own-brand goods, such as designers for Target to sell tailored specialty products. MS has sold almost all own-brand goods. And it has also characteristic of its own brand, types of goods is not exhaustive, but rather selective to provide customers with the best-selling inexpensive goods. At present, 80% of MS operating goods have the brand of St. Michael. MS approach is: from store to collect from the customer views and demands for commodities, and then from Marthas technical development department for product innovation and design (or with the manufacturer to design), and then delivered the manufacturer to produce the final re MS Sales through distribution systems. Thus, Martha has become the worlds largest no plant manufacturers. MS persists in shaping its own brand into image of a healthy environment, in its own brands contai ns a fair trade, sustainable, non-genetically modified products, animal welfare and so on. Almost 100% of sales of own-brand are a biggest difference for MS with the general retailers. This unique brand strategy makes its own brand has become endemic in the United Kingdom as part of shopping culture, while Marks Spencer thus have unmatched brand equity. Marks and Spencer is known to the world due to a standardized and information-oriented management style of supply chain management and suppliers to make it a truly meaningful win-win situation. Standardization is Marks and Spencers consistent style, product quality, type and design of store layout, product display, and even the staff of the service program has a meticulous standard. Standardization Management greatest advantage is that we can save a lot of management costs, while consumers can enhance the overall impression of the Marks and Spencer, giving them a home away from home shopping experience. Marks Spencer has achieved a paperless management, which ensures that all over the world Martha chain can continue to run in an orderly manner. Marks Spencer and suppliers have far more than a general partnership, but rather become a complicit relationship to work. Marks and Spencer has nearly a thousand of suppliers, and suppliers Dibos companies having more than 100 years cooperat ion, with more than 60 suppliers with more than 50 years of partnership. On the one hand, Marks Spencer suppliers guarantees strict demands on product quality; the other hand, Marks and Spencer takes it as its responsibility to help suppliers reduce costs, care providers technological transformation and staff welfare (Tony Grundy, 2003). As a result, suppliers are also with the development of the development of Marks Spencer. Close cooperation of both sides ensures Marks and Spencer to achieve its corporate objectives provide its goal customers with high-quality product within the ability to purchase. Customer satisfaction business philosophy: customer satisfaction has always been Marks and Spencers business philosophy. Customer firstly thinks a lot of commodities with high-quality and low price, which is Marks Spencer sought-after standard. Customers are also increasingly focusing on product design and after-sales service, so Marks Spencer has also taken a series of measures accordingly. In recent years, Marks and Spencer pay more attention to understanding customer needs, internal management structure to take the simple and rapid decision-making mechanism, the focus from how to buy to how to sell. Customers buy Martha not satisfied with the goods that can be unconditional refund. Carried out on the part of the membership-based customer and sales records of the Commissioner of the members on a wide range of information, including birthdays, clothing numbers, special preferences, and settlement accounts. Marks and Spencer will be in the form of time by phone to inform new member s of the listing, the monthly will be in the form of a letter seeking the views of members. 1999 opened on-line shopping service, but also a cadre of loyal customers, people satisfaction with Marks and Spencer increasing. Oxford Street is a well-known British commercial street on the number of stores, the London crowd to get on the top spot. MS in such a competitive market environment also pursues their usual high quality of goods and services, and provide an elegant display of the environment. In this area, Marthas main competitors are facing the department store, and Saier Fu Leach youth-oriented casual relaxed style of the shops, in addition to including many other stores. The advantage that MS is different from these competitors is its depth and breadth of product portfolio and a unique marketing strategy (David Campbell, 2009; Lowson, R.H. 2001). Strategy Theory and Practice Analysis about MS M S retail as an industry has its own specific competitive structures, which can be analyzed from the Porter five forces of competition: 1) Entry threat. The low-cost of commercial retail enterprises, lead to lower barriers to entry the retail industry, retail businesses are always faced with the threat of new entrants. 2) Replacement threat. As the retail business operated products, the technical content of most is not high, more likely to imitate, so facing a greater alternative threats. 3) The bargaining power of suppliers. From the most developed countries show that, in the retail business and manufacturing enterprises bargaining in retail enterprises grow in power. 4) The bargaining power of buyers. As the retail business more and more abundant supply of commodities, increasing the power of buyers, which forced more and more retailers adopt the low-cost, low-cost, high-quality service strategy, retailers profiteering opportunities less and less. 5) Existing competitors. At pres ent, the existing competitors in the competitive retail industry has become a variety of forms, a variety of tissue types, regions and business scope of the three-dimensional cross-competition. Facing fierce competition, M S retail businesses have successfully used a variety of competitive strategies to improve their competitiveness. To face the future social development, to further advantage, M S should be good at using the Porters competitive theory, adopting strategy and measures suited to the situation on their own (Dinesh, 2008; S. Ambec, 2002). (A) Differentiation strategy Competitive differentiation is the basic strategy, to pursue I have what people dont have, my superior that what people have customer value that is different from other competitors. Differentiation strategy is that the business through the characteristics production makes their product or service unique, and thus consumers are willing to pay a higher price. Successful examples adopting differentiation strategy are such as the United States Norton department stores, its different, nuanced human service has won praise from consumers, so that no rival can match. Commercial retail enterprises implement differentiation strategy with mainly the work to be undertaken: first, accurate positioning for the enterprise. The main way to differentiate their market position, that is, to determine a companys market position is different from other enterprises or image. Second, establish and run enterprises to brand image. Large-scale commercial retail enterprises shall include at least the brand con notation of the brand of goods, services, brands, and on the basis of the previous two derived from the three-tier corporate brand meaning. Retail business once chooses differentiation strategy, it must be based on its own seeking to establish a brand image to reflect this brand image on the one hand business activities, on the other through the advertising campaign to promote this brand image. Third, long-term to maintain brand image. After companies establishing their own unique brand image, they should make long-term planning to maintain its own brand image (Harry J.P., 2000). (B) Cost leadership strategy Cost leadership strategy is to low operating costs or fees. Retail business goals taking cost-leadership strategy is to become the industrys low-cost firms, which tend to have economies of scale, proprietary technology, preferential supply of commodities prices, lower transaction costs and management fees and other advantages. When enterprises have become a cost leader, they can effectively compete against the other forces of competition, obtaining advantage in competition. The most successful retailer using cost leadership strategy the worlds largest retailer, Wal-Mars. The 20th century, 80s, it began to lease satellite transmission, integrated global marketing data, the commodity management, logistics and distribution, global procurement and data processing of all applications of advanced modern information technology to significantly reduce the cost, annual savings of more than competitors) 750 million of dollars in spending. Commercial retail enterprises can be achieved through t he following areas cost leadership (Voss, 2003). First, they can through cost analysis identify the greatest impact factors on the business cost, controlling systematically cost. Second, it is to establish alliances among commercial enterprises, reducing procurement costs and jointly developing the market. Third is using capital operation, expanding the enterprise scale. Through joint, mergers, acquisitions, joining, enterprise implements chain operations, the rapid expansion of operation scale, to achieve business activities standardization, specialization, centralization. Fourth is scientific management with application of advanced technology. Retail enterprises further reduce business costs through the use of POS (selling real-time systems), MIS (management information systems), EDI (electronic data interchange), EOS (Electronic Ordering System) and other modern management techniques (Shankar, 2004). (C) Objectives accumulation strategy Retail enterprises to implement the strategic objective is to choose one or the accumulation of a group of market segments as part of its services, target markets, strategic optimization, to seek their presence in the target market on the competitive advantage. Because it takes a specific consumer group focused to meet their needs, so companies can be more economical than the other competitors, more thoughtful to meet their needs (Mittal, 2004). In addition, the strategy also adopted by the choice of the target market to find the weakest link in the existing competitors cut into, to avoid a competitor with a strong head-on collision. Select the target build-up strategy, first, to conduct market research and market segmentation. According to differences in consumer demand will be divided into different consumer market segments, so that enterprises can more effectively meet their needs. Second is to determine the target market. Not all segments have value to enterprise. Companies shoul d choose a potential market segment as its target market that will not conflict with a strong competitor. Generally speaking, potential market segments should also have the following three conditions: 1) adequate, the reality of unmet demand or potential demand; 2) Enterprise has ability to provide products or services to meet these needs, and helping the can map; 3) Business in this market segment can achieve certain competitive advantage. Third, accounting for the characteristics of the target market, it is to develop practical sales strategy, including determining the number of sales outlets, choice of a commodity business scope, pricing strategies. In addition, the in the implementation process of objectives accumulation strategic, the cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy can also be used at the same time. Conclusion MarksSpencers is a leading retailer of clothing, food, home ware and financial services. Marks Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers with over 21 million people visiting their stores each week. However, in the fiercely competitive market environment, operational management strategies are quite important for retailers to obtain a competitive advantage and access to greater income. It could supply goods whatever customer needs timely whether it is the variety of food products or clothing style. This paper first introduces the history of MS and different market segment in MSà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and have an overview of Porters models of competition. Second, analyze how MS can running there business in the competitive environment, trying to explain more different market segment in MS and how the different market segment works together, analyzing their competitive advantage in this cloth industry. MS is changing the business strategy timely when market environmental change, while the contin uous improvement on strategy goes along with the change of customer demands. Finally, it uses Porters global generic strategy to analysis MS, to face the future social development, to further advantage, discussing how MS attract different customers by using different strategy in the global environment. The outcomes through analysis and discussion give a useful help to retail industry. The experience of the old brand department store tells the world that they can create their own lands as long as the constant innovation even in a traditional industry. Recommendations Through the above analysis, MS has made a great progress, getting over lots of difficulties. However, in todays fiercely competitive market environment, MS should also adopt optimal strategy to obtain a stronger competitive by reducing human and material costs by exploring overseas cheap labors and improving their quality of service and giving full play to their creativity.

Cosmic Justice :: Creative Writing Short Stories

Cosmic Justice The particular Evil which the space turtle sensed came from one Dr. Quincey P. Mandra, who after a long life of being victimized (at least as he saw it) through one means or another, decided that the time had arrived for him to become a Mad Scientist and wreak his revenge on humanity and creation in general by taking over the world and making it his plaything. (As can be seen, Dr. Mandra was rather narrow of vision, as any self-respecting Mad Scientist these days would have planned to take over the universe, or at least our particular galaxy. Perhaps this was why the elder space turtle seemed unconcerned.) He had already constructed his Evil Headquarters, which he had named The Citadel of Doom (Insert lightning and thunder here). He thought that it was a name that rolled rather nicely off the tongue. It had all that an Evil Mad Scientist could need: attractive art deco living quarters for himself, barracks for his troops, dank dungeons, torture chambers, mutated guard-beasts, booby traps, and lots and lots of insidious machinery that bleeped and buzzed and crackled and made other science fictiony noises. He still needed one thing however...Hordes. Every Evil Mad Scientist needs hordes of mindless drones to do his Evil Bidding.  ³Where will I find Hordes? ² he mused.  ³Where can I find great masses of mindless individuals ready to be indoctrinated and follow a charismatic leader with little or no regard for consequences or even common sense? ² He rejected Congress immediately.  ³I do need some degree of intelligence in my hordes. Overly stupid hordes have been the downfall of many a Mad Scientist. Besides I do want some combat ability. Some, hell! I want soulless killing machines! ² This naturally brought the armed forces to mind, but he rejected them as too fanatical even for him.  ³Frat boys! Hmm...maybe frat pledges. By the time they reach full frat boy status they ¹ve consumed way too much alcohol to be worth anything.

Right to Own an Architecture

Right to own an architecture (by Wolfgang Koehler, Meaning, Germany 10/2008) The social issue I would like to discuss here is: â€Å"Suppose a computer manufacturer develops a new machine architecture. To what extent should the company be allowed to own that architecture? What policy would be best for society? † To develop a new machine architecture would require many recourses. Manpower, research laboratories, manufacturing equipment and last but not least a lot of money.Since companies are in business to make money for themselves as well as heir shareholders the answer to the first question to me is clear: 100%. Now we'll take a look at the pros and cons of such a policy on different levels of society. Any policy of course will have a direct impact on the people that are directly involved with this company. They are the shareholders on one side and the employees on the other. If the company has the right to own this architecture the value of the company's shares will go up.A lso it will secure the employees workplaces or even add additional Jobs. This leads us to the next level of society to be taken in consideration, the city where this company is located. Not only will it receive more tax revenue as the company becomes more profitable it also might be able to attract more qualified people. The growing demand for components also might lead to additional companies opening businesses in town. All of this will create a better economy for the city and the people living there.One might argue that owning a certain technology will lead to a monopoly. The past forever showed that most companies are not able to supply the growing demand for their product and therefore they will license out the technology to others to capture a bigger portion of the market. At this point the prices for the product will also go down and the architecture will become affordable for more and more people The right of companies to own their developments actually leads to further devel opment, because nobody wants to be outdone by the competition.A good example is the Apple pod as well as the phone. At the beginning Apple was the only company with such products on sale. Today Just about every major electronics manufacturer has similar or even better products in their portfolio. Since not everybody will have an immediate need for the product right at the point of its introduction to the market it can be summarized that a policy of 100% owner ship of the architecture has mostly positive impact on the society as such. The few perceived disadvantages are mostly based on wants rather then needs.

La Traviata essays

La Traviata essays "La Traviata" Summary, a famous opera by Verdi In Act 1, the heroine is Violetta Valery, she is suffering from the first ravages of consumption. She lives for the pleasure of the moment until Alfredo Germont falls in love with her. Alfredo offers to take her away from the fast life that ¡s killing her, they go off to a country villa but Alfredo ¡s father, Giorgio Germont finds out about this. He appeals to Violetta not to lead his son to ruin and disgrace the family name, Violetta finally makes the decision to leave Alfredo. In Act 2, Alfredo breaks into a festive party, Alfredo at the gambling table, has played for huge stakes against the Baron and won a great deal of money. Violetta begs him to leave the party. She is terrified of the Baron and fears that Alfredo will come to harm. This scene unfolds against a tense ostinato rhythm in the orchestra that reveals their agitation. Violetta lets Alfredo believe that she left him because he loved the Baron, Alfredo then summons the guests into the room. He hurls the purse containing all his winnings at Violetta ¡s feet to repay her, Violetta faints in Flora ¡s arms. Giorgio arrives on time and is ashamed of him. The voices of the principal characters each expresses his her feelings. Alfredo is overwhelmed with remorse, Giorgio is horrifed, Baron wants a duel with Alfredo, Flora and the guest sympathize with Violetta. When Violetta regains consciousness, she sings a beautiful passage. In the Final act, in Violetta ¡s bedroom, her doctor friend says that Violetta is dying. Violetta reads a letter from elder Germont informing her of the duel between alfredo and baron, alfredo arrives, his father finally realizes how blind he has been, but it ¡s too late, and Violetta dies in Alfredo ¡s arms. ...

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is wrong. In Latin ’Con’ means with and ’science’ means knowledge. Therefore we should surely use our conscience when we are making decisions as we should be being told what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. This however doesn’t always seem to be the case. The problem with using your conscience is that it is not consistent. We can see this when claims have been made after someone made the wrong choice. For example at the time he was Prime minister Tony Blair took the choice to go to war with Iraq. It is widely regarded as being the wrong choice to have made and Tony Blair said in response that he was following his conscience. There are religious and secular (non-religious) views on the conscience. The religious views have been developed from biblical teaching and the divine command theory. However there is more than one interpretation about the conscience. Thomas Aquinas for example believed that people should follow their conscience totally as long as your principles are right because it is the voice of reason. On the other hand Butler argued the conscience comes form intuition. Thomas Aquinas thought that synderesis is the means of distinguishing between right and wrong. Synderesis was first used by Aristotle and is the ability of the mind to understand the first principles of moral reasoning. He noticed that people do chose the wrong choice and said that this was ‘conscientia’ which is the actual ethical judgement or decision a person makes. Aquinas said that it is important to apply your moral principles to each situation but you can still be wrong if you follow your conscience because your principles can be wrong so your conscience will be too. Conscience is reasoning used correctly to find out what God sees is good. Joseph Butler similarly to Aquinas believed that conscience could determine and judge the rightness or wrongness of different actions or thoughts. However Butler saw the conscience as being more authoritative that â€Å"magisterially exerts itself. † in such a way that it had the last say when it comes to moral decision making. Butler described a hierarchy of human nature in which the desire for food and other animal instincts are at the bottom and the conscience at the top. Self love and benevolence was above the drives and the ability to reflect was above that. Mistakes made by conscience were not seen as particularly bad to Butler as he believed that we would intuitively know what the right action to take is. However convincing yourself that a wrong action is right is more evil than the action which results from it. John Henry Newman also took Conscience from a view point and took an intuitionists approach to conscience. This meant that the mind is able to percieve abstract concepts of truths normally thought to beyond empirical evidence. He believed that we when we followed our conscience we were following some kind of divine law like a messenger from God. He believed that he could prove this when â€Å"we feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies there is One to whom we are responsible. Newman also believed that the more relativist (atheist) a person is the less of a conscience they will have as they do not follow a God (an absolute unchanging moral authority). He therefore saw that our conscience will continuously change in different circumstances not making it a reliable source to make a decision on. Augustine too believed that we should take it seriously and listen to our conscience because we are hearing the word of God. Therefore Newman, Augustine and Butler take a much less rationalist view upon conscience compared to Aquinas but as all four believe that God is involved with our Conscience it is important to use it when making moral-decisions, especially if we believe in God. Due to there being Secular views on the conscience the debate over nurture or nature has risen. This is questioning whether we get our morals and our conscience before we are born or whether we develop morality as we get older. With this argument there is also the belief that we have both. For example a Secularist could hold that we are born with our natural instincts that encourage us to do good because it will encourage our survival. This would be a Darwinian approach. The same person could then argue that we also develop our morals during life that allow us to fit into society and the rules and regulations that surround it. A religious person could say the same except that we would have been given a conscience before we were born by God. Sigmund Freud was a psychiatrist that took a secular view on the conscience. He studied the human mind and its effects on the body. He also saw that human personality like Butler could be put into a hierarchy. Both Freud and Butler put drives such as sexual drives at the bottom of the triangle. However Freud then put the ‘Id’ in the space above this which represents the part of a human that is amoral (has no morality). The Id contains our wishes and instincts. Then at the top of the triangle was the ‘Ego’ which is the conscious part of a human that shows on the outside. A smaller space is taken up at the top by the ‘super-ego’ which is the set of moral controls that are given to us by outside influences. Freud explains that the super ego is often in conflict with the Id therefore our conscience, which is a construct of the mind, is shaped and influenced by our experiences. Jean Piaget a psychiatrist saw that a child’s moral development grows and the ability to reason morally depends on cognitive development. He suggested two stages which were later developed by Kohlberg. Heteronymous (other law) which a child is from the age of five to ten. The conscience is still immature and punishment is expected if a rule is broken. Autonomous (self law) is the next stage when a child reaches the age of 10 and over. At this age the child understands how rules operate in and help society, they are less dependent on moral authority Piaget down quite extensive research experiments on children by asking in which of two stories told to them the child was the naughtiest. His results showed that younger children evaluated the actions by the size of the outcome whereas the older children evaluated the stories through the intentions of the child. It is said that Piagets definition of morality is narrow. One of the reasons for this is that is becomes overly rational and disregards the function of morality in promoting human fulfilment. Kohlberg extended the stages to six and believed that the individual would have to follow them in sequence. The most important moral development occurs through social interactions. Fromm on the other hand had two approaches and didn’t think there was stages in moral development but saw that all humans are influenced by external authorities like parents, teachers and church leaders. He thought that a guilty conscience is a result of displeasing these authorities. The example of the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930’s was very successful about manipulating the conscience’s of its people to encourage them not to help the Jews. But that was his authoritarian approach and he had a humanistic approach. This was that our conscience is our real self and leads us to realise our full potential using our experiences not slavish obedience. It appears the conscience should take a large role in how we make moral decisions. However for both Secular and Religious views on the conscience we have seen that mistakes can be made. These mistakes are the products of wrong principles or bad nurturing as a child growing up or manipulations and bad influences. Therefore conscience should take a big role in making moral decisions but one should also consider the fact that they may be wrong and should compare the choice they want to make to another to see if one is greater.

Controlling One's Environment in Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controlling One's Environment in Learning - Essay Example It is impossible to gain knowledge without learning as learning provides people with skills and qualities which enable people to cope with the complications of life (Piaget, 1950). The environment includes conditions of living and learning. Environment is an important constituent of learning as it forms the backbone of learning. The environment can either affect learning positively or negatively. Controlling the environment will help in reducing the adverse negative effects on the learning which will affect the learners or students in this case (Wood, 1998). Controlling of the environment is most common in the Asian and African culture. Learning differs within the different backgrounds and cultures. Controlling one’s environment helps regulate the learner’s behavior. For example, an individual may engage in wrong and bad social groups and habits like drug taking, which will mar their learning. These behaviors will interfere with that person’s ability of the mind to process information and also interfere with the normal body functioning. Controlling the environment will thus help the learner in reducing the normal body functioning and brain’s ability interference (Conner, 2004). ... Some of the environments where the learners are brought up at may either help in encouraging learning or impair the learning. This can be shown through an individual brought up in a poor environment. Such an individual brought up in a poor environment with high crime rate will not be in a position to learn and will end up uneducated. Controlling such an environment will help the individual get access to learning and education and change his/her perception on education and learning. This is because the environment will have taught him that crime is the only thing that he can indulge into (wood, 1998). The process of learning is contingent on learner’s discipline. This is because monitoring the moves of the leaner helps in improving the learning process. Discipline is a vital precondition for learning and enhances an individual’s learning ability. This is shown by the disparity between the performance of distance learning students and learners in the traditional classroom setting. The traditional classroom setting acquires better performance than the distance learning simply because there is a proviso for supervising the moves of the learner. This then implies that the controlled environment for the learner will help in attainment of better performance by individuals as this provides for the monitoring of their actions and class work. Again, if someone has been in the military, he or she will uphold high discipline levels. Children who do not get a high time with their parents may lack the required discipline and may not attain the knowledge that their parents have acquired (Clark et al., 2006). Some environments promote the learning processes. The environments with a high number of knowledgeable individuals always encourage

Conclusion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conclusion Paper - Essay Example However I hold an opinion that such tests have pressurized and influenced students in ways that are not too subtle to avoid. Critiques condemn such tests saying that a test paper made up of a few multiple choice questions cannot ever judge students’ overall educational capabilities. â€Å"Some school systems are under great pressure to raise their scores so they have resorted to decreasing time spent in recess.† (Margie, 2009). This leads to negative impact on students. So these tests mostly allow base learning and are not entirely capable of producing 100% result that means instilling a deep understanding of knowledge in a student. Understandably, these tests mostly contain multiple choice questions, so they can be completed in a much shorter time, they can be quickly graded and most beneficently, they allow a swift analysis of a big number of students. They are less time-consuming and characteristically too simplistic. They give teachers guidance like what they should teach students for preparation. This system of testing also allows parents to track their child’s progress over years and compare it with other students in other areas. This helps the students to assess if they are going up or down academically. But are they a good way of measuring individual learning and intelligence in a perfect manner? The answer is a straight-forward no. The term â€Å"high-stakes testing† is used when only standardizes tests are considered when determining whether a student should go the next grade or not. Many concerned parents have reportedly argued that this system of testing does not allow the students to satisfactorily demonstrate their individual skills of critical thinking and logical reasoning. â€Å"Some students are bad test takers, so this shouldnt be the only way they are judged.† (Cartman, 2010). Which is better, profound knowledge allowing a deep insight or base knowledge allowing an approach that would only last till

Education Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education Psychology - Research Paper Example The child also develops intellectually and is able to manage time, set goals and priorities, understand different meanings of words and develop morally. The child develops social skills including attempting to solve problems on their own. The child also tries to form social relationships and make lasting friendships (Morin, 2012). Jean Piaget explained the stages of a child’s cognitive development, which include the sensor motor stage occurring between birth and two years of age, preoperational stage from two to seven years, concrete operational stage starting from seven to eleven years, and formal operational stage occurring from adolescence to adulthood. Fourth grade students are in Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development. At this stage, students learn how to use logic appropriately. They demonstrate intelligence by manipulating symbols systematically and logically. They are also able to make sensible decisions and think hypothetically about observable objects. Children at this stage can also sort objects according to shape, size or color. They can also recognize the relationships between things in a sequential order. Moreover, they are able to classify objects depending on characteristics such as size or appearance. The child also understands that some objects can be chang ed to different states and reversed again, for instance, the deflation and inflation of a ball (Shaffer and Kipp, 2009). The child also goes through social development. Erik Erikson explained eight stages of psychosocial development, from birth to adulthood. Fourth grade students are at the industry versus inferiority stage. It occurs between the ages of approximately five to eleven years. At this stage, children develop pride in their abilities through social interactions. It is an important stage for developing self-confidence. At this stage, children are given opportunities to gain the recognition of their parents or teachers. For instance, they can be asked to draw, solve problems or write sentences. If they do them correctly, they are commended for their achievements. If teachers and parents commend and encourage children at this age, they will believe in their skills and have a feeling of competence. However, those children who are not encouraged by parents or teachers, but ar e punished and ridiculed instead will begin to doubt their abilities and develop low self-esteem (Underwood and Rosen, 2011). Lev Vigotsky’s socio-cultural theory explains that learning is a social process and human beings get their intelligence from the society. A child’s social interactions play an essential role in cognitive development. Vigotsky’s theory suggests that students should learn in an environment that is socially interactive. The learning environment should be supported with discussions, computers, problem solving, and collaborative writing, among others (Shaffer, 2008). By having knowledge on the social, intellectual and physical development of students, I will be able to teach more effectively in future. Teaching students at the concrete operational stage will involve the use of concrete visual aids to explain complicated ideas to them. I will also use familiar examples to explain complicated concepts and give the students a chance to manipulate objects. I will give students assignments that will require them to think analytically and logically. I will ask them to practice classifying ideas and objects. I will apply Erikson’

Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Western Civilization Essay Functional political structures of prior centuries still exist to a great degree this very day. What that means is those political systems that are viable can transcend centuries and cultures to exist in the modern world. Political structures are not something that are pulled out of thin air and instituted. Instead, political structures and ideologies are the result of a process of evolution. In other words, a political idea or system will develop in an inception stage and then over the course of time, it will evolve into a more complex system that takes into consideration the various complexities that modern concerns may influence said development. However, what does not happen is that the entirety of an old system is completely thrown out unless it is a clearly failed system. Monarchies, for example, have collapsed because they simply are not functional in the modern era. Their modern equivalent, dictatorships, exist is certain parts of the world on a minimalist level (Cuba, North Korea, etc), but they are generally rejected by the vast majority of world governments whereas successful government systems propagate, albeit in different versions of their classical counterpart. For example, democracy started in Athens as a philosophical movement that later developed into a viable political system. This form of Athenian democracy that was instituted in Ancient Greece was considered a model of effective government and a great deal of the principles of Athenian democracy exist in modern governments, although there are a number of departures from the original Athenian concept. In the Athenian system, direct democracy was the dominant factor as opposed to representative democracy. We still see vestiges of this form of direct democracy in America in the form of ballot initiatives. In California, the most (in)famous form of direct democracy can be viewed in the decriminalization a medical marijuana, a law that never would have passed through a representative system.

Computer Forensics Investigation and Techniques

Computer Forensics Investigation and Techniques Introduction I am the student of International Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies (IADCS). In this course, I have to do Compute Forensic assignment. The assignment title is â€Å"Didsbury Mobile Entertainments LTD†. This assignment helps me understanding computer forensics investigation and techniques Before this assignment, although I am interested in computer forensic, I am hardly used computer forensics toolkit or done any investigation. Because of this assignment, I have learnt many techniques how to investigate computer and done it practically. So, by doing this assignment, I have gained in practical and much valuable knowledge in Computer Forensics.nd a heartfelt thanks to all the people in Myanma Computer Company Ltd. for their warmly welcome during the period of the IADCS course and this assignment developed. Task 1 i) Report DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 10, 2010 Introduction Computer forensics involves obtaining and analyzing digital information for figuring out what happened, when it happened, how it happened and who was involved. What is more, it is use as evidence in civil, criminal, or administrative cases. Reasons for a need for computer forensic investigation Computer forensics investigation can recover thousands of deleted mails, can know when the user log into the system and what he does, can determine the motivation and intent of the user, can search keywords in a hard drive in different languages and can gain evidence against an employee that an organization wished to terminate. For these reasons, in order to know whether Jalitha has been spending her time on her friend business or not, we need a computer forensic investigation. Steps to pursue the investigation In order to pursue the investigation, I would take the following steps: 1) Secure the computer system to ensure that the equipment and data are safe 2) Find every file on the computer system, including files that are encrypted, protected by passwords, hidden or deleted, but not yet overwritten. 3) Copy all files and work on this copy files as accessing a file can alter its original value 4) Start a detailed journal with the date and time and date/information discovered 5) Collect email, DNS, and other network service logs 6) Analyze with various computer forensics tools and software 7) Print out an overall analysis 8) Evaluating the information/data recovered to determine the case Conclusion After we know the reasons and steps for investigation, then we should move on to conduct the investigation. However, we should note that the first step of investigation is critical as if the system is not secure, then the evidence or data we found may not be admissible. ii a) Report for â€Å"The procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court† DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 12, 2010 Introduction Evidence is any physical or electronic information (such as computer log files, data, reports, hardware, disk image, etc) that is collected during a computer forensic investigation. The purpose of gathering evidence is to help determine the source of the attack, and to introduce the evidence as testimony in a court of law. Procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court In order to make the evidence admissible in court, we need to follow the following steps: 1) Before any evidence can be gathered, a warrant must be issued so that forensic specialist has the legal authority to seize, copy and examine the data 2) Have the responsibility to ensure that the law and the principles we used are met 3) Evidence must be obtained in a manner which ensures the authenticity and validity and that no tampering had taken place 4) Tracking the chain of custody is essential for preparing evidence as it shows the evidence was collected from the system in question, and was stored and managed without alteration. 5) Extracted/ relevant evidence is properly handled and protected from later mechanical or electromagnetic damage 6) Preventing viruses from being introduced to a computer during the analysis process 7) To ensure that original evidence must be described in complete details to present reliable evidence on the court 8) Must arrange to answer reliability questions relating to the software we have used Conclusion In gathering evidence, authenticity, reliability and chain of custody are important aspects to be considered. By following the above steps, we are proper in handling the evidence holds up in court. ii b) Evidence form Didsbury Mobile Entertainments Ltd IT Department Computer Investigation Case No.: 005 Investigation Organization: Gold Star Investigator: Win Pa Pa Aye Nature of Case: Companys policy violation case Location where evidence was obtained: On suspects office desk Description of evidence: Vendor Name Model No./ Serial No. Item #1 One CD Sony Item #2 A 4GB flash memory device Kingston 05360-374.A00LF Item #3 Evidence Recovered by: Win Pa Pa Aye Date Time: 10.12.2009 10:00 AM Evidence Placed in Locker: E2419 Date Time: 15.12.2009 11:00 AM Item # Evidence Processed by Description of Evidence Date/ Time 1 Win Pa Pa Aye Fully recovered deleted email on the drive which is sent to Radasas company, including data exchange between the businesses. 13.12.2009 3:00 PM 2 Win Pa Pa Aye Encrypted document hidden inside a bitmap file. Decrypted and saved on another media. 18.12.2009 9:00 AM 3 Win Pa Pa Aye Password-protected document covering the exchange of information with her friend. Password cracked and file saved on another media. 22.12.2009 2:00 PM Task 2 Report for â€Å"the way the data is stored, boot tasks and start up tasks for Windows and Linux systems† To effectively investigate computer evidence, we must understand how the most popular operating systems work in general and how they store files in particular. The type of file system an operating system uses determines how data is stored on the disk. The file system is the general name given to the logical structures and software routines used to control access to the storage on a hard disk system and it is usually related to an operating system. To know the way the data is stored in Windows XP and Linux, we need to get into file systems of Windows and Linux. The way the data is stored in Windows XP In Windows XP, although it supports several different file systems, NTFS is the primary file system for Windows XP. So, we will have a look in NTFS as the NTFS system offers better performance and features than a FAT16 and FAT 32 system. NTFS divides all useful places into clusters and supports almost all sizes of clusters from 512 bytes up to 64 Kbytes. And NTFS disk is symbolically divided into two parts MFT (Master File Table) area and files storage area. The MFT consumes about 12% of the disk and contains information about all files located on the disk. This includes the system file used by the operating system. MFT is divided into records of the fixed size (usually 1 Kbytes), and each record corresponds to some file. Records within the MFT are referred to as meta-data and the first 16 records are reserved for system files. For reliability, the first three records of MFT file is copied and stored exactly in the middle of the disk and the remaining can be stored anyplace of the disk. The remaining 88% of disk space is for file storage. Below is the partition structure of NTFS system. After we know the file system of Windows XP, then we will move on to the file system of Linux. The way the data is stored in Linux When it comes to Linux file system, ext2 has been the default file system as it main advantages is its speed and extremely robust. However, there is a risk of data loss when sudden crashes occur and take long time to recover. Sometimes the recovery may also end up with corrupt files. By using the advantage of ext2 and add some data loss protection and recovery speed led to the development of journaling file system ext3 and ReiserFs. Though ext2, ext3 and ReiserFs are the most popular file system, there are also some other file system used in the Linux world such as JSF and XFS. As Linux views all file systems from the perspective of a common set of objects, there are four objects superblock, inode, dentry and file. The superblock is a structure that represents a file system which includes vital information about the system. Moreover, it includes the file system name (such as ext2), the size of the file system and its state, a reference to the block device, and meta-data information. It also keeps track of all the nodes. Linux keeps multiple copies of the superblock in various locations on the disk to prevent losing such vital information. Every object that is managed within a file system (file or directory) is represented in Linux as an inode. The inode contains all the meta-data to manage objects in the file system. Another set of structures, called dentries, is used to translate between names and inodes, for which a directory cache exists to keep the most-recently used around. The dentry also maintains relationships between directories and files for traversing file systems. Finally, a VFS (Virtual file system) file represents an open file (keeps state for the open file such as the write offset, and so on). While the majority of the file system code exists in the kernel (except for user-space file systems), (2.3) shows the Linux file system from the point of view of high-level architecture and the relationships between the major file system-related components in both user space and the kernel. The boot task and start up task of Windows XP A good understanding of what happens to disk data at startup is also an important aspect as accessing to a computer system after it was used for illicit reasons can alter the disk evidence. First, we will discuss about the Windows XP startup and boot process, and then shift into the startup and boot process of Linux. Like any other PC system, Windows XP startup by running the POST test, performing an initialization of its intelligent system devices, and performing a system boot process. The boot process begins when the BIOS starts looking through the system for a master boot record (MBR). This record can reside on drive C: or at any other location in the system. When the BIOS execute the master boot record on the hard drive, the MBR examines the disks partition table to locate the active partition. The boot process then moves to the boot sector of that partition located in the first sector of the active partition. There, it finds the code to begin loading the Secondary Bootstrap Loader from the root directory of the boot drive. In NTFS partition, the bootstrap loader is named NTLDR and is responsible for loading XP operation system into memory. When the system is powered on, NTLDR reads the Boot.ini file. If boot.ini contains more than one operating system entry, a boot menu is displayed to the user, allowing the user to choose which operating system is to be loaded. Fig (2.4) shows Boot.ini contains two operating systems and allows user to choose. After the user has selected the desired mode to boot to, NTLDR runs Ntoskrnl.exe and reads Bootvid.dll, Hal.dll and the startup device drivers. After the file system driver has loaded, control is then passed from NTLDR to the kernel. At this time, Windows XP display Windows logo. Virtually, all applications we installed using the default installation decide that they should start up when windows starts. Under â€Å"Startup† tab in the system configuration utility, a list of programs that run when our system boots is listed. Fig (2.6) shows the listed program when our system boots. The boot task and start up task of Linux After we have get into the start up process of Windows XP, we will then shift into the startup process of Linux. In Linux, the flow of control during a boot is also from BIOS, to boot loader, to kernel. When you turn on the power, the BIOS perform hardware-platform specific startup tasks. Once the hardware is recognized and started correctly, the BIOS loads and executes the partition boot code from the designated boot device, which contains Linux boot loader. Linux Loader (LILO) is the Linux utility that initiates the boot process, which usually runs from the disks MBR. LILO is a boot manager that allows you to start Linux or other operating systems, including Windows. If a system has two or more operating systems, LILO gives a prompt asking which operating system the user wishes to initialize. When the user chooses the boot option, it then loads the choosing operating system into memory. The boot program, in turn, reads the kernel into memory. When the kernel is loaded, the boot program transfers control of the boot process to the kernel. The kernel then performs the majority of system setup (memory management, device initialization) before spawning separately, the idle process and scheduler and the init process which is executed in user space. The scheduler takes control of the system management. The init process executes scripts as needed that set up all non-operating system services and structures in order to allow a user environment to be created, and then presents the user with a login screen. We have described about the way the data stored, the boot task and startup task of Windows XP and Linux. After a thorough study of these areas, we can acquire or handle the evidence properly. Task 3 a) Features comparison of â€Å"EnCase, Access Datas Forensic and ProDiscover† Features of Guidance EnCase Forensic * In courts worldwide, forensically acquire data in a sound manner using software with an unparallel record * Using a single tool and investigate and analyze multiple platforms * With prebuilt EnScript ® modules such as initialized Case and Event Log analysis, it can automate complex and routine tasks, so it save time in analyzing * Find information despite efforts to hide, cloak or delete * Can easily handle large volumes of computer evidence, view all relevant files that includes deleted files, file slack and unallocated space * Directly transfer evidence files to law enforcement or legal representatives as necessary * Include review options that allow non-investigators to review evidence easily * Include report options that enable quick report preparation Features of Access Datas Forensic Toolkit * Provides integrated solution that is no need to purchase multiple tools to complete a case. * Provides integrated database that avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability. * Identify encrypted files automatically from more than 80 applications and crack those files. * Supports international language that allows us easily search and view foreign-language data in our native format * Include email analysis that can recover and analyze a wide range of email and web mail formats * Can generate different industry-standard report formats quickly and concisely * Collect key information from the registry that include user information, date of application installed, hardware, time zone and recently used information * While processing takes place, we can view and analyze data Features of ProDiscover * To keep original evidence safe, it create bit-stream copy of disk for analyzing that includes hidden HPA section * For complete disk forensic analysis, it search files or entire disk including slack space, HPA section and Windows NT/2000/XP alternate data streams * Without alter data on the disk, it can preview all files including metadata and hidden or deleted files * Support for VMware to run a captured image. * In order to ensure nothing is hidden, it examine data at the file or cluster level * To prove data integrity, it can generate and record MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 hashes automatically. * Examine FAT12, FAT16, FAT 32 and all NTFS file systems including Dynamic Disk and Software RAID for maximum flexibility. * Examine Sun Solaris UFS file system and Linux ext2 / ext3 file systems. * Integrated thumbnail graphics, internet history, event log file, and registry viewers to facilitate investigation process. * Integrated viewer to examine .pst /.ost and .dbx e-mail files. * Utilize Perl scripts to automate investigation tasks. * Extracts EXIF information from JPEG files to identify file creators. * Automated report generation in XML format saves time, improves accuracy and compatibility. * GUI interface and integrated help function assure quick start and ease of use. * Designed to NIST Disk Imaging Tool Specification 3.1.6 to insure high quality. AccessData FTK v2.0 Guidance EnCase Forensic 6.0 ProDiscover Forensic Report for Choosing Access Datas Forensic Toolkit I think Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab as it provides more forensic examination features than Encase and ProDiscover. In the evidence aspects, Access Data can acquire files and folders than others. So, it can be a powerful tool when we analyze files for evidence. Moreover, it uses database to support large volume of data that can avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability for our lab. As Access Data is a GUI-based utility that can run in Windows XP, 2000, Me, or 9x operating system and it demo version has most of the same features as full-licensed version, use multi-threading to optimize CPU usage, has task scheduler to optimize time and can view and analyze data while processing takes place, it meets the requirements of our lab. What is more, it supports international language so we can retrieve data no matter which languages they are using. On top of that, it is powerful in searching, recovery, email and graphic analysis. Because of these reasons and by viewing the above forensic tools comparison chart, I can conclude that Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab. b) Forensic Analysis Report for â€Å"Analyzing FAT32, NTFS and CDFS file system Using Access Datas FTK† Task 4 a) MD5 hash values of bmp, doc, xls files All hash values generated by the MD5 before modification is not the same with the hash value generated after modification. b) Why hash values are same or different A hash value is a numeric value of a fixed length that uniquely identifies data. Data can be compared to a hash value to determine its integrity. Data is hashed and the hash value is stored. At a later time or after the data has been received from mail, the data is hashed again and compared to the stored hash or the hash value it was sent to determine whether the data was altered. In order to compare the hash values, the original hashed data must be encrypted or kept secret from all untrusted parties. When it compared, if the compared hashed values are the same, then the data has not been altered. If the file has been modified or corrupted, the MD5 produces different hash values. In task 4 (a), first we created a doc file with data in this file, then we generated hash values of doc file with MD5. The hash value of info.doc file is da5fd802f47c9b5bbdced35b9a1202e6. After that, we made a modification to that info.doc file and regenerate the hash values. The hash value after modifying is 01f8badd9846f32a79a5055bfe98adeb. The hash value is completely different after modifying. Then we created a cv.xls file and generated the hash value. Before modifying, the hash value is ef9bbfeec4d8e455b749447377a5e84f. After that we add one record to cv.xls file and regenerated hash values. After modifying, ccfee18e1e713cdd2fcf565298928673 hash value is produced. The hash value changed in cv.xls file after data altered. Furthermore, we created fruit.bmp file to compare the hash value before and after modification. The hash value before modifying is 8d06bdfe03df83bb3942ce71daca3888 and after modifying is 667d82f0545f0d187dfa0227ea2c7ff6. So, the hash values comparison of bmp files is completely different after data has been modified. When we encrypted the text file into each image file, the text file is not visible in the image viewing utility and each image file is like its original image file. However, the comparison of the hash values of each image file before and after inserting short messages is completely different. As each image file has been altered by inserting short message, the regenerated hash value is totally different from the original hash values. On top of that, the original image file size has been changed after inserting short messages. The raster image file has slightly increased its file size after it has been modified. The raster image file size is increased from 50.5 KB to 50.7 KB. However, of the remaining three, two image files vector and metafile have decreased its file size a little sharply. The original file size of vector is 266 KB and has been decreased to 200 KB after modified. The metafile also decreased from 313 KB to 156 KB. Only the bitmap is remains stable as its file size does not increase or decrease. In a nut shell, we can conclude that the hash value would change if the file has been modified. However, depending on the file format, the file size can increase, decrease or remain stable. d) Report for â€Å"differences of bitmap, raster, vector and metafile† A bitmap image is a computer file and it is collected with dots or pixels that form an image. The pixel of bitmap is stored like a grid, tiny square. When we use the paint program, we can see the bitmap pixel is like a block and it is draw or clear block by block. A raster image is also a collection of pixels but the image stored pixels in rows to make it easy to print. And raster image is resolution dependent. It cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without loss of apparent quality. This is overcome by the vector image. Vector image is made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so it always render at the highest quality. There are many attributes in vector like color, fill and outline. The attributes can be changed without destroying the basic object. Metafile is a combination of raster and vector graphics, and can have the characteristics of both image types. However, if you create a metafile with raster and vector and enlarge it, the area of raster format will lose some resolution while the vector formatted area remains sharp and clear. If we have lost an image file, before doing anything, we should be familiar with the data patterns of known image file types. Then the recovery process starts. The first step in recovery is to recover fragments file from slack space and free space. The fragment file can locate the header data that is partially overwritten. So, we use Drivespy to identify possible unallocated data sets that contain the full or partial image header values. To locate and recover the image header, we need to know the absolute starting cluster and ending cluster. If not, we could collect the wrong data. Using Drivespy, we can know started cluster number and file size of image that we want to recover. To know the exact ending cluster, add the total number of clusters assigned to the starting cluster position. As we have known the size of image file, we can calculate the total number of clusters. Then, we can locate the image file and retrieve image header. After we get the header value, open the file with Microsoft Photo Viewer. If the file has been opened successfully, then recovery of image file has been completed. If not, we need to use the Hex Workshop to examine the header of the file. Task 5 Report for â€Å"Investigation that prove Naomis innocence† Before we begin tracing an email, we should know which email is illegal and what constitutes an email crime. Illegal email includes selling narcotics, extortion, sexual harassment, stalking, fraud, child abductions, and child pornography. As Jazebel has received an offensive email, so we need to access the victim computer and copy and print the offensive email to recover the evidence contained in the email. Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express or any other GUI email programs supports for copying the email from inbox to the place that we want to by dragging the message to the storage place. When copying email, the header of the email must be included as it contains unique identifying numbers, such as IP address of the server that sent the message. This helps us when tracing the email. After copy and printing the message, we should retrieve the email header to get the sender IP address. Right click on the message and choose message options to retrieve the email header. The following shows the header information that retrieved from the mail of the victim computer. At line 1(10.140.200.11) shows the IP address of the server sending the e-mail, and provides a date and time that the offending e-mails was sent. Although when we see at line 5, the victim is seemed to be Jezebel, however, line 1 identifies that the e-mail that is sent from the IP address (10.140.200.11) is the same as the victims computer IP address. So, we can conclude that Naomi does not include in sending offensive e-mail. She is innocence and the victim, Jezebel himself, is the one who send the offensive e-mails. References: Computer Forensics Textbook http://www.computerforensicsworld.com/index.php http://www.crime-research.org/library/Forensics.htm http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/ntfs/ www.wikipedia.com Computer Forensics Investigation and Techniques Computer Forensics Investigation and Techniques Introduction I am the student of International Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies (IADCS). In this course, I have to do Compute Forensic assignment. The assignment title is â€Å"Didsbury Mobile Entertainments LTD†. This assignment helps me understanding computer forensics investigation and techniques Before this assignment, although I am interested in computer forensic, I am hardly used computer forensics toolkit or done any investigation. Because of this assignment, I have learnt many techniques how to investigate computer and done it practically. So, by doing this assignment, I have gained in practical and much valuable knowledge in Computer Forensics.nd a heartfelt thanks to all the people in Myanma Computer Company Ltd. for their warmly welcome during the period of the IADCS course and this assignment developed. Task 1 i) Report DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 10, 2010 Introduction Computer forensics involves obtaining and analyzing digital information for figuring out what happened, when it happened, how it happened and who was involved. What is more, it is use as evidence in civil, criminal, or administrative cases. Reasons for a need for computer forensic investigation Computer forensics investigation can recover thousands of deleted mails, can know when the user log into the system and what he does, can determine the motivation and intent of the user, can search keywords in a hard drive in different languages and can gain evidence against an employee that an organization wished to terminate. For these reasons, in order to know whether Jalitha has been spending her time on her friend business or not, we need a computer forensic investigation. Steps to pursue the investigation In order to pursue the investigation, I would take the following steps: 1) Secure the computer system to ensure that the equipment and data are safe 2) Find every file on the computer system, including files that are encrypted, protected by passwords, hidden or deleted, but not yet overwritten. 3) Copy all files and work on this copy files as accessing a file can alter its original value 4) Start a detailed journal with the date and time and date/information discovered 5) Collect email, DNS, and other network service logs 6) Analyze with various computer forensics tools and software 7) Print out an overall analysis 8) Evaluating the information/data recovered to determine the case Conclusion After we know the reasons and steps for investigation, then we should move on to conduct the investigation. However, we should note that the first step of investigation is critical as if the system is not secure, then the evidence or data we found may not be admissible. ii a) Report for â€Å"The procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court† DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 12, 2010 Introduction Evidence is any physical or electronic information (such as computer log files, data, reports, hardware, disk image, etc) that is collected during a computer forensic investigation. The purpose of gathering evidence is to help determine the source of the attack, and to introduce the evidence as testimony in a court of law. Procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court In order to make the evidence admissible in court, we need to follow the following steps: 1) Before any evidence can be gathered, a warrant must be issued so that forensic specialist has the legal authority to seize, copy and examine the data 2) Have the responsibility to ensure that the law and the principles we used are met 3) Evidence must be obtained in a manner which ensures the authenticity and validity and that no tampering had taken place 4) Tracking the chain of custody is essential for preparing evidence as it shows the evidence was collected from the system in question, and was stored and managed without alteration. 5) Extracted/ relevant evidence is properly handled and protected from later mechanical or electromagnetic damage 6) Preventing viruses from being introduced to a computer during the analysis process 7) To ensure that original evidence must be described in complete details to present reliable evidence on the court 8) Must arrange to answer reliability questions relating to the software we have used Conclusion In gathering evidence, authenticity, reliability and chain of custody are important aspects to be considered. By following the above steps, we are proper in handling the evidence holds up in court. ii b) Evidence form Didsbury Mobile Entertainments Ltd IT Department Computer Investigation Case No.: 005 Investigation Organization: Gold Star Investigator: Win Pa Pa Aye Nature of Case: Companys policy violation case Location where evidence was obtained: On suspects office desk Description of evidence: Vendor Name Model No./ Serial No. Item #1 One CD Sony Item #2 A 4GB flash memory device Kingston 05360-374.A00LF Item #3 Evidence Recovered by: Win Pa Pa Aye Date Time: 10.12.2009 10:00 AM Evidence Placed in Locker: E2419 Date Time: 15.12.2009 11:00 AM Item # Evidence Processed by Description of Evidence Date/ Time 1 Win Pa Pa Aye Fully recovered deleted email on the drive which is sent to Radasas company, including data exchange between the businesses. 13.12.2009 3:00 PM 2 Win Pa Pa Aye Encrypted document hidden inside a bitmap file. Decrypted and saved on another media. 18.12.2009 9:00 AM 3 Win Pa Pa Aye Password-protected document covering the exchange of information with her friend. Password cracked and file saved on another media. 22.12.2009 2:00 PM Task 2 Report for â€Å"the way the data is stored, boot tasks and start up tasks for Windows and Linux systems† To effectively investigate computer evidence, we must understand how the most popular operating systems work in general and how they store files in particular. The type of file system an operating system uses determines how data is stored on the disk. The file system is the general name given to the logical structures and software routines used to control access to the storage on a hard disk system and it is usually related to an operating system. To know the way the data is stored in Windows XP and Linux, we need to get into file systems of Windows and Linux. The way the data is stored in Windows XP In Windows XP, although it supports several different file systems, NTFS is the primary file system for Windows XP. So, we will have a look in NTFS as the NTFS system offers better performance and features than a FAT16 and FAT 32 system. NTFS divides all useful places into clusters and supports almost all sizes of clusters from 512 bytes up to 64 Kbytes. And NTFS disk is symbolically divided into two parts MFT (Master File Table) area and files storage area. The MFT consumes about 12% of the disk and contains information about all files located on the disk. This includes the system file used by the operating system. MFT is divided into records of the fixed size (usually 1 Kbytes), and each record corresponds to some file. Records within the MFT are referred to as meta-data and the first 16 records are reserved for system files. For reliability, the first three records of MFT file is copied and stored exactly in the middle of the disk and the remaining can be stored anyplace of the disk. The remaining 88% of disk space is for file storage. Below is the partition structure of NTFS system. After we know the file system of Windows XP, then we will move on to the file system of Linux. The way the data is stored in Linux When it comes to Linux file system, ext2 has been the default file system as it main advantages is its speed and extremely robust. However, there is a risk of data loss when sudden crashes occur and take long time to recover. Sometimes the recovery may also end up with corrupt files. By using the advantage of ext2 and add some data loss protection and recovery speed led to the development of journaling file system ext3 and ReiserFs. Though ext2, ext3 and ReiserFs are the most popular file system, there are also some other file system used in the Linux world such as JSF and XFS. As Linux views all file systems from the perspective of a common set of objects, there are four objects superblock, inode, dentry and file. The superblock is a structure that represents a file system which includes vital information about the system. Moreover, it includes the file system name (such as ext2), the size of the file system and its state, a reference to the block device, and meta-data information. It also keeps track of all the nodes. Linux keeps multiple copies of the superblock in various locations on the disk to prevent losing such vital information. Every object that is managed within a file system (file or directory) is represented in Linux as an inode. The inode contains all the meta-data to manage objects in the file system. Another set of structures, called dentries, is used to translate between names and inodes, for which a directory cache exists to keep the most-recently used around. The dentry also maintains relationships between directories and files for traversing file systems. Finally, a VFS (Virtual file system) file represents an open file (keeps state for the open file such as the write offset, and so on). While the majority of the file system code exists in the kernel (except for user-space file systems), (2.3) shows the Linux file system from the point of view of high-level architecture and the relationships between the major file system-related components in both user space and the kernel. The boot task and start up task of Windows XP A good understanding of what happens to disk data at startup is also an important aspect as accessing to a computer system after it was used for illicit reasons can alter the disk evidence. First, we will discuss about the Windows XP startup and boot process, and then shift into the startup and boot process of Linux. Like any other PC system, Windows XP startup by running the POST test, performing an initialization of its intelligent system devices, and performing a system boot process. The boot process begins when the BIOS starts looking through the system for a master boot record (MBR). This record can reside on drive C: or at any other location in the system. When the BIOS execute the master boot record on the hard drive, the MBR examines the disks partition table to locate the active partition. The boot process then moves to the boot sector of that partition located in the first sector of the active partition. There, it finds the code to begin loading the Secondary Bootstrap Loader from the root directory of the boot drive. In NTFS partition, the bootstrap loader is named NTLDR and is responsible for loading XP operation system into memory. When the system is powered on, NTLDR reads the Boot.ini file. If boot.ini contains more than one operating system entry, a boot menu is displayed to the user, allowing the user to choose which operating system is to be loaded. Fig (2.4) shows Boot.ini contains two operating systems and allows user to choose. After the user has selected the desired mode to boot to, NTLDR runs Ntoskrnl.exe and reads Bootvid.dll, Hal.dll and the startup device drivers. After the file system driver has loaded, control is then passed from NTLDR to the kernel. At this time, Windows XP display Windows logo. Virtually, all applications we installed using the default installation decide that they should start up when windows starts. Under â€Å"Startup† tab in the system configuration utility, a list of programs that run when our system boots is listed. Fig (2.6) shows the listed program when our system boots. The boot task and start up task of Linux After we have get into the start up process of Windows XP, we will then shift into the startup process of Linux. In Linux, the flow of control during a boot is also from BIOS, to boot loader, to kernel. When you turn on the power, the BIOS perform hardware-platform specific startup tasks. Once the hardware is recognized and started correctly, the BIOS loads and executes the partition boot code from the designated boot device, which contains Linux boot loader. Linux Loader (LILO) is the Linux utility that initiates the boot process, which usually runs from the disks MBR. LILO is a boot manager that allows you to start Linux or other operating systems, including Windows. If a system has two or more operating systems, LILO gives a prompt asking which operating system the user wishes to initialize. When the user chooses the boot option, it then loads the choosing operating system into memory. The boot program, in turn, reads the kernel into memory. When the kernel is loaded, the boot program transfers control of the boot process to the kernel. The kernel then performs the majority of system setup (memory management, device initialization) before spawning separately, the idle process and scheduler and the init process which is executed in user space. The scheduler takes control of the system management. The init process executes scripts as needed that set up all non-operating system services and structures in order to allow a user environment to be created, and then presents the user with a login screen. We have described about the way the data stored, the boot task and startup task of Windows XP and Linux. After a thorough study of these areas, we can acquire or handle the evidence properly. Task 3 a) Features comparison of â€Å"EnCase, Access Datas Forensic and ProDiscover† Features of Guidance EnCase Forensic * In courts worldwide, forensically acquire data in a sound manner using software with an unparallel record * Using a single tool and investigate and analyze multiple platforms * With prebuilt EnScript ® modules such as initialized Case and Event Log analysis, it can automate complex and routine tasks, so it save time in analyzing * Find information despite efforts to hide, cloak or delete * Can easily handle large volumes of computer evidence, view all relevant files that includes deleted files, file slack and unallocated space * Directly transfer evidence files to law enforcement or legal representatives as necessary * Include review options that allow non-investigators to review evidence easily * Include report options that enable quick report preparation Features of Access Datas Forensic Toolkit * Provides integrated solution that is no need to purchase multiple tools to complete a case. * Provides integrated database that avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability. * Identify encrypted files automatically from more than 80 applications and crack those files. * Supports international language that allows us easily search and view foreign-language data in our native format * Include email analysis that can recover and analyze a wide range of email and web mail formats * Can generate different industry-standard report formats quickly and concisely * Collect key information from the registry that include user information, date of application installed, hardware, time zone and recently used information * While processing takes place, we can view and analyze data Features of ProDiscover * To keep original evidence safe, it create bit-stream copy of disk for analyzing that includes hidden HPA section * For complete disk forensic analysis, it search files or entire disk including slack space, HPA section and Windows NT/2000/XP alternate data streams * Without alter data on the disk, it can preview all files including metadata and hidden or deleted files * Support for VMware to run a captured image. * In order to ensure nothing is hidden, it examine data at the file or cluster level * To prove data integrity, it can generate and record MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 hashes automatically. * Examine FAT12, FAT16, FAT 32 and all NTFS file systems including Dynamic Disk and Software RAID for maximum flexibility. * Examine Sun Solaris UFS file system and Linux ext2 / ext3 file systems. * Integrated thumbnail graphics, internet history, event log file, and registry viewers to facilitate investigation process. * Integrated viewer to examine .pst /.ost and .dbx e-mail files. * Utilize Perl scripts to automate investigation tasks. * Extracts EXIF information from JPEG files to identify file creators. * Automated report generation in XML format saves time, improves accuracy and compatibility. * GUI interface and integrated help function assure quick start and ease of use. * Designed to NIST Disk Imaging Tool Specification 3.1.6 to insure high quality. AccessData FTK v2.0 Guidance EnCase Forensic 6.0 ProDiscover Forensic Report for Choosing Access Datas Forensic Toolkit I think Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab as it provides more forensic examination features than Encase and ProDiscover. In the evidence aspects, Access Data can acquire files and folders than others. So, it can be a powerful tool when we analyze files for evidence. Moreover, it uses database to support large volume of data that can avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability for our lab. As Access Data is a GUI-based utility that can run in Windows XP, 2000, Me, or 9x operating system and it demo version has most of the same features as full-licensed version, use multi-threading to optimize CPU usage, has task scheduler to optimize time and can view and analyze data while processing takes place, it meets the requirements of our lab. What is more, it supports international language so we can retrieve data no matter which languages they are using. On top of that, it is powerful in searching, recovery, email and graphic analysis. Because of these reasons and by viewing the above forensic tools comparison chart, I can conclude that Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab. b) Forensic Analysis Report for â€Å"Analyzing FAT32, NTFS and CDFS file system Using Access Datas FTK† Task 4 a) MD5 hash values of bmp, doc, xls files All hash values generated by the MD5 before modification is not the same with the hash value generated after modification. b) Why hash values are same or different A hash value is a numeric value of a fixed length that uniquely identifies data. Data can be compared to a hash value to determine its integrity. Data is hashed and the hash value is stored. At a later time or after the data has been received from mail, the data is hashed again and compared to the stored hash or the hash value it was sent to determine whether the data was altered. In order to compare the hash values, the original hashed data must be encrypted or kept secret from all untrusted parties. When it compared, if the compared hashed values are the same, then the data has not been altered. If the file has been modified or corrupted, the MD5 produces different hash values. In task 4 (a), first we created a doc file with data in this file, then we generated hash values of doc file with MD5. The hash value of info.doc file is da5fd802f47c9b5bbdced35b9a1202e6. After that, we made a modification to that info.doc file and regenerate the hash values. The hash value after modifying is 01f8badd9846f32a79a5055bfe98adeb. The hash value is completely different after modifying. Then we created a cv.xls file and generated the hash value. Before modifying, the hash value is ef9bbfeec4d8e455b749447377a5e84f. After that we add one record to cv.xls file and regenerated hash values. After modifying, ccfee18e1e713cdd2fcf565298928673 hash value is produced. The hash value changed in cv.xls file after data altered. Furthermore, we created fruit.bmp file to compare the hash value before and after modification. The hash value before modifying is 8d06bdfe03df83bb3942ce71daca3888 and after modifying is 667d82f0545f0d187dfa0227ea2c7ff6. So, the hash values comparison of bmp files is completely different after data has been modified. When we encrypted the text file into each image file, the text file is not visible in the image viewing utility and each image file is like its original image file. However, the comparison of the hash values of each image file before and after inserting short messages is completely different. As each image file has been altered by inserting short message, the regenerated hash value is totally different from the original hash values. On top of that, the original image file size has been changed after inserting short messages. The raster image file has slightly increased its file size after it has been modified. The raster image file size is increased from 50.5 KB to 50.7 KB. However, of the remaining three, two image files vector and metafile have decreased its file size a little sharply. The original file size of vector is 266 KB and has been decreased to 200 KB after modified. The metafile also decreased from 313 KB to 156 KB. Only the bitmap is remains stable as its file size does not increase or decrease. In a nut shell, we can conclude that the hash value would change if the file has been modified. However, depending on the file format, the file size can increase, decrease or remain stable. d) Report for â€Å"differences of bitmap, raster, vector and metafile† A bitmap image is a computer file and it is collected with dots or pixels that form an image. The pixel of bitmap is stored like a grid, tiny square. When we use the paint program, we can see the bitmap pixel is like a block and it is draw or clear block by block. A raster image is also a collection of pixels but the image stored pixels in rows to make it easy to print. And raster image is resolution dependent. It cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without loss of apparent quality. This is overcome by the vector image. Vector image is made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so it always render at the highest quality. There are many attributes in vector like color, fill and outline. The attributes can be changed without destroying the basic object. Metafile is a combination of raster and vector graphics, and can have the characteristics of both image types. However, if you create a metafile with raster and vector and enlarge it, the area of raster format will lose some resolution while the vector formatted area remains sharp and clear. If we have lost an image file, before doing anything, we should be familiar with the data patterns of known image file types. Then the recovery process starts. The first step in recovery is to recover fragments file from slack space and free space. The fragment file can locate the header data that is partially overwritten. So, we use Drivespy to identify possible unallocated data sets that contain the full or partial image header values. To locate and recover the image header, we need to know the absolute starting cluster and ending cluster. If not, we could collect the wrong data. Using Drivespy, we can know started cluster number and file size of image that we want to recover. To know the exact ending cluster, add the total number of clusters assigned to the starting cluster position. As we have known the size of image file, we can calculate the total number of clusters. Then, we can locate the image file and retrieve image header. After we get the header value, open the file with Microsoft Photo Viewer. If the file has been opened successfully, then recovery of image file has been completed. If not, we need to use the Hex Workshop to examine the header of the file. Task 5 Report for â€Å"Investigation that prove Naomis innocence† Before we begin tracing an email, we should know which email is illegal and what constitutes an email crime. Illegal email includes selling narcotics, extortion, sexual harassment, stalking, fraud, child abductions, and child pornography. As Jazebel has received an offensive email, so we need to access the victim computer and copy and print the offensive email to recover the evidence contained in the email. Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express or any other GUI email programs supports for copying the email from inbox to the place that we want to by dragging the message to the storage place. When copying email, the header of the email must be included as it contains unique identifying numbers, such as IP address of the server that sent the message. This helps us when tracing the email. After copy and printing the message, we should retrieve the email header to get the sender IP address. Right click on the message and choose message options to retrieve the email header. The following shows the header information that retrieved from the mail of the victim computer. At line 1(10.140.200.11) shows the IP address of the server sending the e-mail, and provides a date and time that the offending e-mails was sent. Although when we see at line 5, the victim is seemed to be Jezebel, however, line 1 identifies that the e-mail that is sent from the IP address (10.140.200.11) is the same as the victims computer IP address. So, we can conclude that Naomi does not include in sending offensive e-mail. She is innocence and the victim, Jezebel himself, is the one who send the offensive e-mails. References: Computer Forensics Textbook http://www.computerforensicsworld.com/index.php http://www.crime-research.org/library/Forensics.htm http://ixbtlabs.com/articles/ntfs/ www.wikipedia.com