Evaluating Servant Leadership

What is servant leadership? When this question is asked, the first response that comes to mind is a leadership role in some sort of spiritual capacity. In actuality, this concept can be applied to both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Robert K. Greenleaf’s theory of servant leadership includes qualities such as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building community (Greenleaf, 2002). Considering this description, when asked if the following statement, â€Å"although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally compatible with most religions and theories of philosophy† can be viewed as true, it indeed can be confirmed for most. As servant leadership is actually a philosophy that emphasizes moral values and suggests leaders obtain desired results by focusing on and fulfilling the needs of others it is possible that it is compatible with other religious philosophies, though not all, as well. The very essence of leadership is finding effective ways to inspire and motivate others. A person’s particular style of leadership is influenced by the core values as well as the assumptions and beliefs of the individual. Effective leaders continuously learn from those around them and evolve their leadership style as needed to deal with diversity and changing situations. Strong leaders typically possess a combination of positive characteristics and moral values that form and define their leadership philosophy. Servant leadership emphasizes such skills as awareness, stewardship, persuasion, growth and building community. These skills are also important elements of most religious philosophies but specifically for the Christian and Unitarian Universalist philosophies. One Christian philosophy of leadership presented by David M. Turner, is that the characteristics of the leader should be in harmony with qualities described in Scripture (Turner, Unknown). The Christian leader should be a continual student that consistently strives for excellence, concentrates on the people, and coaches them become leaders as well. A similar philosophy of leadership as described by Unitarian Universalists is that leaders should find balance between concerns for getting the job done and concern for the people. The focus of the leader is to support and empower the individual to discover and explore their own faith. Both of these philosophies require their leader to practice listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and community in order to be effective. Perhaps the most important attribute of servant leadership is listening. In order to fulfill the needs of others, the leader must first identify the need and the only way to do that is to listen and truly hear what is being communicated. Irving Shapiro? former chairman of DuPont, perhaps described servant leadership best with his statement that â€Å"people who accomplish things do more listening than talking† (p. 1). During meetings at large successful organizations such as Radiall, Inc. , the most effective managers will often have very little to say yet their body language alone will convey the message that they are listening and evaluating every word being spoken. The manager may not offer suggestions at all at the initial meeting or perhaps will just ask more questions that will expand the groups thinking and possibly guide them toward their own desired result. While others have argued their point it seems as if the listening has given the leader some time to develop awareness of the needs and foresight to accomplish them. It is logical that effective servant leadership would require a higher level of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the skill level or ability to identify and manage emotions of self, others and of groups as well. People who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence will most likely be very self-aware and also be quite attuned to the emotions of others around them. Self-awareness is needed first in order to understand and be attuned with others. As stated by Daniel Goleman, â€Å"if your emotional abilities aren’t in hand, if you don’t have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you can’t have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how smart you are, you are not going to get very far† (Serrat, 2009). So what is servant leadership? It is a leadership role in some sort of spiritual capacity but it is a concept that can be applied both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Greenleaf’s theory of servant leadership that includes qualities such as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building community (Greenleaf, 2002) encompasses qualities that are morally important but that can also be applied in professional situations. It is true that, â€Å"although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally compatible with most religions and theories of philosophy†. Servant leadership is a philosophy that emphasizes moral values and suggests leaders obtain desired results by focusing on and fulfilling the needs of others and is completely compatible with other religious philosophies as well.

Histroy of Indian Tea Essay

Tea was first introduced into India by the British, in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea.[1] The British, â€Å"using Chinese seeds, plus Chinese planting and cultivating techniques, launched a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate tea for export.†[1] Tea was originally only consumed by Anglicized Indians, and it was not until the 1950s that tea grew widely popular in India through a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.[2] Prior to the British, the plant may have been used for medicinal purposes. Some cite the Sanjeevani tea plant first recorded reference of tea use in India. However, studies have shown that Sanjeevani plant was likely a plant unrelated to the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and more likely refers to either Selaginella bryopteris or Desmotrichum fimbriatum.[3] In the early 1820s, the British East India Company began large-scale production of tea in Assam, India, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho tribe. In 1826, the British East India Company took over the region from the Ahom kings through the Yandaboo Treaty. In 1837, the first English tea garden was established at Chabua in Upper Assam; in 1840, the Assam Tea Company began the commercial production of tea in the region, run by indentured servitude of the local inhabitants. Beginning in the 1850s, the tea industry rapidly expanded, consuming vast tracts of land for tea plantations. By the turn of the century, Assam became the leading tea producing region in the world.[4] Writing in The Cambridge World History of Food’, Weisburger & Comer write: â€Å"The tea cultivation begun there [India] in the nineteenth century by the British, however, has accelerated to the point that today India is listed as the world’s leading producer, its 715,000 tons well ahead of China’s 540,000 tons, and of course, the teas of Assam, Ceylon (from the island nation known as Sri Lanka), and Darjeeling are world famous. However, because Indians average half a cup daily on per capita basis, fully 70 percent of India’s immense crop is consumed locally.† Modern tea production in India India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century, but recently China has overtaken India as the top tea producer due to increased land availability. Indian tea companies have acquired a number of iconic foreign tea enterprises including British brands Tetley and Typhoo. India is also the world’s largest tea-drinking nation. However, the per capita consumption of tea in India remains a modest 750 grams per person every year due to the large population base and high chhass(A milk product) consumption. Recently the consumption of Green tea has seen a great growth potential in India. The market is growing by over 50% y-o-y[5] and is expected to reach a size of INR 6000 crore form its current size in year 2013 of approx. INR 1500 crore.This is primarily driven by the increasing disposable income of middle class Indian, who are willing to spend more money on their personal health and well being. The major tea-producing states in India are: Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Sikkim, Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Bihar, Orissa. Government and the Indian tea industry The Indian tea industry as the second largest employer in the country has enjoyed the attention of the Indian government. When export sales went down, the government has been sympathetic to the demand of the industry and its cultivators. It has passed resolutions supporting the industry domestically and has also lobbied extensively with organizations like the WTO internationally. The Indian administration along with the European Union and six other countries (Brazil, Chile, Japan, South Korea and Mexico) filed a complaint with the WTO against the Byrd Amendment which was formally known as the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 legislated by the US. The essence of this act was that non-US firms which sell below cost price in the US could be fined and the money given to the US companies who made the complaint in the first place. The act adversely affected the commodities business of the complainant states and has since been repealed after WTO ruled the act to be illegal. Furthermore, the Indian government took cognizance of the changed tea and coffee market and set up an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) to look into their problems in late 2003. The IMC has recommended that the government share the financial burden of plantation industry on account of welfare measures envisaged for plantation workers mandated under the Plantation Labour Act 1951. Moreover, IMC has recommended to introduce means so that the agricultural income tax levied by the state governments can be slashed and the tea industry be made competitive. It has recommended that sick or bankrupt plantation estates should be provided with analogous level of relaxation for similarly placed enterprises/estates as are available to industries referred to BIFR. A Special Tea Term Loan (STTL) for the tea sector was announced by the Indian government in 2004. It envisaged restructuring of irregular portions of the outstanding term/working capital loans in the tea sector with repayment over five to seven years and a moratorium of one year, which was to be on a case to case basis for large growers. The STTL also provides for working capital up to Rs. 2 lakhs at a rate not exceeding 9% to small growers. In addition to these measures, the Tea Board plans to launch a new marketing initiative, which will include foray into new markets such as Iran, Pakistan, Vietnam and Egypt. It also plans to renew its efforts in traditional markets like Russia, the UK, Iraq and UAE. Noteworthy is its intent to double tea exports to Pakistan within a year. Assam Orthodox Tea is set to receive the Geographical Indications (GI) exclusivity. A GI stamp identifies a certain product as emanating from the territory of a WTO member or region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs set up the Special Purpose Tea Fund (SPTF) under the tea Board on December 29, 2006. The aim is to fund replantation and rejuvenation (R&R) programme. In the same year, Tata Tea entered into an agreement to take over Jemca, which controls a 26 percent market share in the Czech Republic. The CCEA gave its approval for pegging the subsidy at 25 per cent and adoption of a funding pattern of 25 per cent promoter’s contribution, 25 per cent subsidy from the government and 50 per cent loan from the SPTF. Banks have also been instructed to increase the lending period to over 13 years.

Changes in chapter 3 (US Foreign Policy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Changes in chapter 3 (US Foreign Policy) - Essay Example If not all, almost all would believe that the cold war was a pre-emptive strategy of both strong opposing states (United States and the Soviet Union) to prevent domination over the other party. As a result, congregation of States and Dominion happens to make stronger allies. In this sense, many political terminologies were coined to better explain the soundless phenomenon during that time. These would now include the strategy of deterrence – showing strong military weapon to deter the opposing ally. With this regards, Iraq during that time, was the pawn of the immense bi-polar struggle for influence in the middle-east Asian region. In line of the strategy, states during the cold-war were dominating other states and the use of sphere of influence is a great factor for the two parties involved. That time, Iraq, being one country which has rich natural resources was tried to be infatuated by the rival allies. It is believed that Iraq holds more than 112 billion barrels of oil and also contains 110 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, and is a crucial point for regional and international security issues according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). This is one of the reasons that the states was hoping to gain. The use of oil by US industries was prominent in the post-war era and this prompted the US to fear oil supply depletion. Though one of the primary reason is to the fight for ultimate power, and resources can be consider as an important secondary ingredient to captivate. It is essential for us to understand deeper the cold-war because this is a phenomenon in which it can explain the spark of the U.S. - Iraq war in 2003. During the cold-war, Iraq had been used as a diplomatic battleground of the two opposing side which the United States viewed it as a strategic location to conquer Iran and the growing anti-fundamentalism in the gulf (p.1). Thus, Iraq, in the start is not the main target of the U.S. and that it is only used as an ar ea of tactical spot to Iran. What started the divergence between the U.S. and Iraq is the invasion of the latter of Kuwait. This is also the point whereas Saddam Hussein had opened an area of condemnation and disintegration. Moreover, the United States find it to be not in their accordance and interest and it made a conflict because the U.S. want to liberate Kuwait and to use it as an strategic location diverting it from Iraq to captivate not only Iran but also Iraq as well (p.1). Because of this event, a grand coalition was formed by the United States manipulating the minds of the other Sates that they want to have a liberal international countries which greatly affect the international organization as well as countries itself. They even had Iraq as their ally through the U.S. – Iraq relations in 1990. This is because Saddam Hussein had a great impact and influence in the middle-east countries. In this event (grand coalition), United States seems to have a dual interest and also they have a great strategy to maintain their sole-power in the global arena. The American preference for international security has its root in the initial post- cold war administration . . . many US policy makers feared that America alone could not contain the Soviets and that the United States also needs a manpower reserves and economic resources of the major industrialized non-communist states. . . nature of the international system is neither

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Essay

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Brands and Goods - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the globalization phenomenon is one of the most widespread phenomena in the world.   In recent years however, with the expansion of globalized activities, Asia has acquired various qualities which are distinctly western. In the West, Asian influence has also become slowly apparent. Singapore is a richly diverse country. It is an industrialised and highly developed country which lies in the middle of a diverse Asian and Western mix of cultures and economic activities. In so many ways, Singapore has acquired various qualities which seem to be distinctly western; moreover, American brands have also become more popular in the country. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive evaluation of the impact of globalization on the Asian culture, especially the culture of Singapore. Body First and foremost, American culture and goods have become popular in the world because the United States of America is on e of the most powerful nations in the world, economically, politically, and culturally. Its economy is one of the most extensive and progressive economies in the world. It is involved in almost every enterprise in the world, and most of its multinational corporations have set up conglomerates and subsidiaries in different parts of the world. Politically, its membership in the UN Security Council as well as in other international organizations has ensured that its opinion and position on various political concerns would have to be heard. Its culture has also gained a strong following among the youth population in different parts of the world. The internet has also spread the American culture, economy, and politics in different regions, including Asia. American culture and goods have become popular in the world because it is a culture which appeals to the young and vibrant population. The current generation has been bred in the internet age, where the definitions and foundations of be ing up-to-date or of being part of the majority crowd are based on one’s patronage of Lady Gaga or of one’s habit of eating at MacDonald’s. American culture and goods have become popular because these also carry the identity of a powerful country, and many countries and citizens from other parts of the world seek to identify themselves with such a country. The fact that many American shows, movies, and songs have become widely available to most countries has also assisted in the spread of American culture. Emulation has become one of the primary motivators for the growth of American culture, and since the popularity and reach of the culture of other countries is not as pervasive as the reach of the American culture, by overwhelming default, the American culture has become dominant. The culture in Singapore consists of a rich mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western culture.

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Research Paper - Essay Example The construction of the pyramids varied depending on the size of the pyramid itself and the nature of the surrounding complex. Therefore, the construction of any single pyramid may have involved a few thousand masons to tens of thousands. There are several reasons that make the Egyptian Pyramids stand out in the history of the world. First, these pyramids comprise the oldest monumental structures still standing, which were ever build through masonry. Secondly, the Egyptian Pyramids stands out as some of the largest structures that were ever built in the history of the world. Thirdly, some of the Egyptian Pyramids rank among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which are still in existence (Egyptian Pyramids, n.p.). The most famous of the Egyptian Pyramids are found in the Giza region, which is in the outskirts of the Egyptian capital, Cairo (Hoffman, n.p.). Among the most popular Egyptian Pyramids are the pyramid of Khufu, the pyramid of Khafre, and the pyramid of Menkaure. The gr eat Sphinx also ranks among the most popular monumental structures in the world. Therefore, this discussion seeks to discuss the above mentioned Egyptian Pyramids, with a focus on their history and their significance in the world today, in terms of preserving the world’s history and standing out as crucial tourist attractions in Egypt, since they are among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which are still in existence (Chapman, 47). The Pyramid of Khufu, also referred to as The Great Pyramid of Giza or the Pyramid of Cheops, is an ancient pyramid found in the Giza region of Egypt. This pyramid is the most famous of all Egyptian Pyramids, because it ranks as the oldest and the largest Egyptian Pyramid that exists to present day (Allen, 29). In fact, the Pyramid of Khufu is not only popular as an Egyptian pyramid, but also the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which remains fairly intact to present day

Why is the study of racism, sexism and other systems of oppression Essay

Why is the study of racism, sexism and other systems of oppression important in understanding gender relations - Essay Example It is a fact that understanding the intricate nature of gender relations becomes phenomenally simple if they are studied in combination with various oppressive behaviors that may be quite vibrant in the society. Facts and discussion presented in this paper are basically meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"gender relations can be easily comprehended by both sexes leading to safe workplaces and friendly domestic environment, if racism, sexism, etc. are satisfactorily studied and understood.† Racism means that there exist profound differences between the people of different groups relating to their capacities and abilities, and depending entirely on their race. This unjustified thinking pattern deeply influences gender relations and mutilates the social roles of both men and women. Both sexes find it increasingly difficult to communicate with each other in a society fraught with racist behaviors. This difficulty in communication leads to poor relationships bet ween men and women both at workplaces and in private lives, thus leading to marred gender relations. Sexism also heavily impacts gender relations owing to the groundless belief that one sex is superior to another in every possible way. Such a negative societal behavior leads to an unbalanced society because the roles played by both sexes are equally important and praise-worthy in regards to maintaining a societal structure.

Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 8 Essay

Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 8 - Essay Example Lastly, there was the stratum for the 100 taxi drivers in each of the major company who were to be interviewed. Random sampling was used in each of the strata mentioned above for example for choosing the countries, cities, taxi companies and lastly for the taxi drivers. There was no specified order for choosing any of the categories above and hence an assumption that the interviewers chose the kth item in each stratum is used. This sampling method not only simplifies the whole sampling method in the large population as well as reduces the expenses of having to travel to different places or collect unnecessarily large information. The fact that there are diverse drivers also makes the information collected generalizable (Zikmund, Babin, Carr and Griffin, 2012). The population in this case study was the taxi drivers because they were the ones whose information was being sought and who formed the basis for the whole research. However, in order to get the information from the taxi drivers but ensure the information was generalizable as well as was accurate and reliable, it was necessary to work harder. The taxi drivers had to be found in different countries which meant not only choosing the countries but the cities as well. Since the number of interviews to be conducted were many, it was necessary to find a taxi company with large number of drivers than the provided approximate of 100 drivers in each company so that they can be randomly chosen. The sample in the case was the number of the taxi drivers in each major taxi company which is 100 specified in the case study. The 100 taxi drivers were declared the sample because they were the ones who were to participate directly in the interviews for the research being carried out. The sampling method as mentioned above is the stratified sampling technique which is under the probability sampling methods because it is purely based on probability and not on judgment of the

Benefits of Hodges University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of Hodges University - Essay Example Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting ideas verbally, nonverbally, and through the use of technology. Communication is very important, particularly for those who are aspiring to build a career in the field of education. In the course of my studies at the University, I learned the ways and significance of organizing thoughts. Communication must involve description, examples, reasons, and/or research to support assertions. Otherwise, the audience may be misled, which can be extremely dangerous in the teaching profession. Appropriate sentence structure and word selection are crucial since these linguistic skills would ultimately help me to express my ideas and interpretations. Also, the training imparted on using the software tools, electronic media, etc. would help me to increase interactivity during communication, especially while delivering a speech or writing an essay.Critical thinking involves thoughtful judgment, reflective decision making, application of rea sons, and drawing conclusions. Analysis and logic are the pillars of critical thinking. The University curriculum provided me with crucial articulation skills and knowledge in search strategies. It also helped me to learn how to interpret and analyze relationships, concepts, and facts on the basis of evidence and data. I learned how to clarify that whether I support, oppose, or remain neutral regarding a topic or belief. Also, I learned how to consider different viewpoints in the course of eliminating contradictions.

647 W2A Project Selection Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

647 W2A Project Selection Risk - Essay Example From the perspectives of members of the board and the executive management team, the NLMS would enable and facilitate an increase in student population and enrollment. Through access to various sources of academic information and links that would be programmed in the GU’s official website, more visitors are expected to be enticed to apply to the universities varied programs and services. In every project, there are potential risks and bottlenecks that are inevitable; yet manageable. As defined, a â€Å"risk involves a source or cause (e.g., some possible event), a mechanism by which the risk source could impact the objectives of the organization, and some level and type of potentially adverse consequences† (Lee Merkhoff Consulting, 2014, p. 1). For the NLMS, the following are identified as potential risks and bottlenecks, specifically in areas which could affect or influence the achievement of the project objectives: From the table of potential risks, the degree and severity of occurrence were appropriately identified. As shown, there were risks that were classified in seriousness from low to medium; while likelihood is classified from low, medium to high. Cost overrun could occur in the implementation stage, especially during the transition stage and while orienting potential users of the NLMS. Likewise, depending on the results of the performance monitoring and evaluation stage, any significant corrections or revisions that are needed would entail additional costs for GU. Thus, the risk of deviating from schedule would be high. Corrections for actual plans is perceived to be medium in seriousness; meaning, all relevant points were already foreseen and incorporated during the planning stage. As such, the likelihood for adverse corrections is low. Moreover, resistance from stakeholders is seen to be low since they

Environmental Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Environmental Education - Essay Example Is it of any good to our children and adults or rather how is it affecting them both positively and negatively? Why is environmental education lacking? What type of curriculum is needed and why? What are the precautions and strategies that need to be implemented or put in place to ensure that our environment is taken care of? Of what good will it bring to our generation to come? What is the philosophy behind this educational approach? And finally, do ethics play a role in education? These and many more will be featured in our research project. The first question that rings in our mind is the meaning of the word environment. Environment is a very broad terminology that is taken to mean generally the flora and fauna (Trees and animals). Environment entails trees, animals, air, waters, the soil (earth) and even people. It is in the broader sense of the word everything that there is in the Universe that supports life is what we call our environment. Forests for instance contribute to a greater amount of our environment without forgetting the animals. In short therefore, environment is our surroundings. Environmental Education is generally making people aware of the environment. It is the integration of what is learned in class in relation to our environment. Or rather put it this way that environmental education is the incorporation of both the materials acquired in classroom and then apply them to the environment. It is about informing the Citizens about the beauty, the love, the goodness, the friendship, and the values of always ensuring the safety of where we live. It is all about keeping the good relationship between ourselves and the place in which we live; and these can be achieved through ensuring that our environment is always clean. In short, this is a call for the virtue of responsibility. However, let us first look at the current environmental educational system in the USA. The culture here considers every aspect of our

US-Australia Flights and Their Economic Implications Essay Example for Free

US-Australia Flights and Their Economic Implications Essay Airlines and flights availability have very strong implications upon tourism. And tourism, on the other hand affects the economy. Simply stated, it is not very convenient to reach a certain destination without a speedy transportation medium. Imagine how can you reach Washington from Melbourne if there is no flight connecting these two countries? However, connecting two destinations is not an easy task to do. There are a lot of considerations to be done to make the route successful and advantageous to both the air line company and the passengers. In the case of Australia, which has â€Å"eleven per cent (11%) air space of the earth’s surface† (Efficient Planning 2006, 41) flight region, it is quite easy to setup flights. Taking the flight to Washington from Melbourne, or Australia to the United States of America (USA) nowadays are more convenient. In fact recent talks between the officials of these two countries is to have â€Å"open skies† (â€Å"US-Australia†Ã‚   2008) to promote competition and thereby encouraging tourism. Currently, it is the Australian Qantas that takes the lead when flights between the two mentioned countries are concerned. â€Å"At the moment Australian airline Qantas has by far the most non-stop services to the US, and reportedly generates up to 20% of its profits from the route†, according to the BBC report. The weekly non-stop flights between these two countries carried out by Qantas consist of forty-eight (48) trips in all. Can you imagine the exchange of tourism earnings between the US a and Australia only be these flights by a single airline company? Aside from Qantas, other airlines planning to compete in bringing in passengers to Australia from the USA and vice versa are Virgin Blues V Australia and Singapore Airlines. Currently however, there are fourteen (14) weekly flights aside from that of Qantas which is offered by the United Airlines. These flights, totaling to sixty-two are only for the non-stop classification. How about if those with connecting flights are added here? More exchange of tourists can be done if more flights would be counted. Recently, the flights departing the USA going Australia has given   49,000 visitors from the  United States of America only for the 28-day month of February 2008 bringing the total for the two months of 2008, January and   February, to 86,100, â€Å"an  increase of 7 per cent  relative to the same period of the previous year.† (â€Å"February 2008 Highlights†) In fact there is a steady increase of arrivals from the USA to Australia as the year moves away from 2001, the time when security issues on air travels were so critical. The concerns on airline and airport security according to Beirman (2003, 53) became one of the most important challenges facing the world of tourism industry. Airlines and airport authorities worldwide had actively addressed this issue since air piracy first emerged as a terrorist tactic as far back as 1960s.   Beirman (54) further noted that   â€Å"the drop in both domestic and international airline patronage coupled with the reduction of scheduled air services was expected to flow through to patronage of hotels, resort and attractions. Indeed, as stated, the number of passengers is also reflective of the tourism industry because without a means of transportation, tourists cannot just reach where they want to go! And reciprocally, without passengers, flights/airline routes cannot simply survive. On the other hand, things causing people to travel include publicities such as in 1999 when   Qantas airline gained so much profit despite the economic challenges. It was attributed to exposure and publicity related to games would also result in a longer-term growth period  (Qantas Flies High as, 3). Furthermore, there were 44,900 visitors from the  United States of America  during December 2007 bringing the total for 2007 to 459,700, (â€Å"December 2007 Highlights† 2008) an  increase of one (1%) per cent  relative to 2006 while there were a total of 456,000 (â€Å"December 2006 Highlights† 2008) US American arrivals in 2006, a two (2%) per cent rise relative  to 2005, while in 2005, 446,200 (â€Å"December 2005†, 2008)   American visitors arrived,   making an increase of three (3%) per cent  relative to 2004 records. Table 1 American Flyers to Australia (2004-2007) Year Head Count Yearly Increase in % 2007 459.700 0,81 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   456.000 2,20 2005 446.200 3,00 2004 433.200 Base   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the economic implications of the above result? Pairing with recent data above, the period covering 2006 and 2007, the tourism industry in Australia contributes 3.7% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 3.4% to the country’s Gross value added amount. Moreover the industry employed 482, 800 individuals comprising 4.7% of the total Australian employment (â€Å"Market Insights† 2008). It surely is a very positive output caused by tourism and one of the contributing factors are the flights and inflows of tourists and visitors mentioned in the preceding discussions. On the other hand, Australian visitor arrivals to the U.S.in 2003 summed up to approximately 582,000 giving a 12% rise from the previous year (â€Å"International Arrivals†, 2005). The following year, a 4% increase followed to 603,000 arrivals (â€Å"International Arrivals†, 2006). In fact the two countries exhibit similar trends, increasing flights as the years move away from 2001 and the number of arrivals are almost reciprocally comparable. In the US, more flights mean more commissions to or incentives to the travel and tourism industry and economy. According to Ioannides and Debbage (1998, 120), through travel agencies commissions, the airline industry can manipulate the type of advice given by the agents. This means more monetary circulation in the market and naturally, as previously mentioned, the ensuing effects to the hotel and accommodation industry, beaches and attractions business, museums, and any other tourist spots in the U.S. And not to be missed, the corresponding taxation paid by those earning entities. In fact, as Hall, and Page (2002, 2) stated, tourism, as with other forms of economic activity, therefore reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the international economy. Indeed, by its very nature in terms of connections between generating areas, destinations and travel routes or paths, tourism is perhaps a phenomenon which depends more than most not only on transport, service and trading networks but also on social, political and environmental relationships between the consumers and producers of the tourist experience. Furthermore tourism can be viewed as a primary industry which, through visitor spending, increases job opportunities and tax revenues, and enhances the communitys overall economic base  (Hall, and Page 2002, 5) Thus, these are what those flights and arrivals are all about: profits and taxes, money circulation and improved economy. Works Cited Beirman, David. 2003.  Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis : A Strategic Marketing Approach /. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. http December 2004 Highlights://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=102031251. December 2005 Highlights, Latest Visitors Arrival data. Tourism Australia.http://www.tourism.australia.com/Research.asp?sub=0318al=1173. December 2006 Highlights, Latest Visitors Arrival data. Tourism Australia. http://www.tourism.australia.com/Research.asp?sub=0318al=2100. December 2007 Highlights, Latest Visitors Arrival data. Tourism Australia. http://www.tourism.australia.com/Research.asp?sub=0318al=2808. Efficient Planning of Long Distance Flights Path. 2006. Airline Fleet and Network Management, January.   http://www.aviationindustrygroup.com/index.cfm?format=1184 . February 2008 Highlights, Latest Visitors Arrival Data. 2008. Tourism Australia. ttp://www.tourism.australia.com/Research.asp?sub=0318al=2878. International Arrivals to the United States for December, Fourth Quarter, and Annual 2005. ITA, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries. http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/pdf/2005ArrivalsAnalysis_DecFourthQtr.pdf. International Arrivals to the United States for Fourth Quarter and Annual 2006. ITA, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries. http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/view/a-2006-400/index.html. Ioannides, Dimitri and Keith G. Debbage, eds. 1998.  The Economic Geography of the Tourist Industry: A Supply-Side Analysis. London: Routledge. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=108239141. Hall, C. Michael, and Stephen J. Page. 2002.  The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place, and Space. London: Routledge. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=108405174. Market Insights, Tourism Facts. 2008. Torism Australia. http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/Research/Factsheets/Key_Tourism_Facts_07.pdf Qantas Flies High as Net Profits Rise. 1999.  Business Asia, August 30, 3. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001296632. US-Australia flight talks begin could lead to cheaper flights across the Pacific.  2008. BBC News, February, 8. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7240588.stm.

From your characters point of view Essay Example for Free

From your characters point of view Essay I knew that big Bastard was trouble as soon as I saw him in the office that first day they both arrived on the ranch. When I saw him turned away from me I knew what his sort was like, big guys who thought they owned the place jus cos of their size. An he didnt even answer my question, jus stood there like a big lump staring at me. I knew they was gonna cause trouble. I heard from the other guys that Lennie was a good worker I give him that but he still was odd, never was with the guys always by himself, with George or with that damn pup that Slim gave him. Carlson always said he never said a word unless George was there or if he allowed it, stupid Bastard. I mean I heard things about guys like that who were big and smart but this guy, Lennie, was different altogether he was almost like a child I didnt know he was capable of mangling my hand, let alone kill my wife. But you never know looks can be different than what is genuine, you get to know these things when you see these bastards come work and then leave, you see it all the time. Since Lennie first come to the ranch I had a hunch, and when he did what he did to my hand I knew that he was not only mean but he was dangerous. I never told about my hand before, I know what the other guys on the ranch would say, Me, the bosses son being beat up by some guy who couldnt put two and two together, I Wasnt gonna let em know, I wasnt gonna let my wife know that her husband got beat up by that Bastard. Them only been on the ranch couple o weeks and Slim letting em getting away with it, I wasnt gonna say Nothing. Slim has a way with words, all the guys trust him. So when my hand got busted by Lennie I was real furious, it made me real mad. I was Jus looking for my wife when it began I spose, so she has something to do with it, She is always going off and when Im looking for her I could never find her. Not knowing where your wife is can ruin a man. An people were sayin things about her. Made me wonder I spose so I go looking for her in the barn where it been mentioned she was and Slim said to be in there too. My wife had been looking at Slim for a while so I was mad and made my way to the barn. Slim was there but not my wife, so we have an Argument and it ends up with my hand being busted. I mean whats a guy spose to think when his wife is looking around at the men? An Slim would be what you call a good catch I spose, But that means that he aint no better than me. When I started on him I never thought about what he could do to my hand, he always was so quiet and looked like he could never hurt anything even though he was a big bastard. The look in his eyes when he just grabbed my hand, I had never seen it in a guy before an I wont wanna be seeing it again too soon I can tell ya. I havent seen a guy so mad before, sure I have got a temper I get mad a lot, but this Lennie was just mental. He jus had this look of hate in his eyes, I was angry but for a big guy like that to take advantage of his size is out of order. He had no right to jus do that kind of shit to me. He just took hold of my hand and then crushed it within his own palm, the pain was unbelievable and the other guys jus stood there watchin him do it. Before he fought back I heard George in the background tellin him to do it. I knew they travelled together but I didnt think that that they was that close, I was proven wrong, Lennie always did what George told him to and that time was no exception. His grasp on my hand grew tighter and I was in pain, I couldnt think about anything else but the feeling in my hand, and what I must have looked like to the other guys but then after it got to its worse all I could think about was what would be left of my hand after the big bastard had finished. An If only George hadnt told him to do it, It wouldnt have happened, he still makes me mad the way he is still here working on the ranch with Slim. I could feel the bones in my hand breaking, I never had thought of pain like that before. My hand still is now messed up. Dont think its ever gonna be the same, and neither is he. As soon as I saw him I had it in for him, but after him mangling my hand I wanted revenge. Things werent so good between me and my wife but that was no excuses for her death. The Dumb bastard was out for me too, and he got me, twice. I knew the way he spent all that bloody time with that pup that he was strange, I had warned her about spending time with the guys on the ranch, her being the only woman was dangerous but he was the last guy I woulda thought would take advantage. He never was interested in things like that, he didnt come to town with us ever, and jus stayed in the barn with that pup. I had said for her to stay in the house, but for a woman to do what she is told is something that doesnt happen easily. I spose it was also her fault stupid bitch going where she aint wanted gettin herself into trouble; something was gonna happen sooner or later. The guys was just out in the yard playing horseshoes, I wasnt gonna join in and be humiliated by them all laughing at my hand. I jus sat down an watched didnt know what was going on else where. The next thing I know old candy is calling from outside the barn saying for us to come quick. She was jus there face down on the straw, I had never seen her be so still. But then I thought and knew what had happened, me an Slim rushed up to her and Slim jus said she was dead. I knew at once that the big bastard had been in there with that damn pup. I knew it was him form the start, he couldnt help himself, He wanted to make trouble and this was the last time I was going to be humiliated he had gone one way too far. I wasnt disturbed by her death really bad, I was jus mad with the Bastard I knew it was him an I was gonna do something about it. Carlson knew it was him too, an I could see it in Georges eyes that he also knew what was going on. I wasnt gonna let Lennie get away with it either. My wife was a slow bitch but it was Lennie who took her life and he wasnt gonna get out of this one by the other guys keeping em Quiet. I had done that already once, when I could have got him canned, but I didnt for my pride now he had the life of my wife. But George was his friend, regardless of this he still went looking for him. I was suspicious though, I mean they travelled together and how did I know that he wasnt gonna help Lennie get away and escape. But I Spose the dumb bastard wouldnt make it on his own without some other guy helping him out or getting him outa shit. When me and the guys saw Lennie lying on the floor next to George I was livid, I hadnt killed the crazy Bastard myself, I was gonna make him suffer the way I had. I dont know everything that went on but what I do know is that Lennie was to blame for the death of my wife and my hand was never gonna be the same cos of him being a crazy Bastard. I could see that they were gonna mess things up, an I was right.

Media Representations Of Sexual Offenders In General Media Essay

Media Representations Of Sexual Offenders In General Media Essay The mass media is known to be one of the most influential sources of providing news to members of the public. It is also known to have a powerful impact on the public perceptions of specific issues, for example sex offenders (Brayford Deering, 2012). In order for a story to enter any form of the mass media, it needs to meet certain newsworthy criteria which will help media companies to entice greater audiences, thus increasing overall profit (Galtung Ruge, 1965). Female sexual offending is one particular issue within society which fits all the aspects of the newsworthy criteria. The cases tend to include a sense of seriousness and negativity in which so many of the medias audiences are interested to read/hear about (Greer, 2003). This chapter will focus on how the media represents FCSOs, with particular reference to the Vanessa George case. It will also examine how the mass media are able to influence public perceptions of FCSOs. It is important to note that the majority of academi c research involving Child Sexual Offenders and the media focuses on Sexual Offenders in general, rather than specifically FCSOs, therefore this chapter will adapt from the limited research available. Child Sexual Offenders have longingly received large amounts of negative coverage by the mass media, causing a topic for public debate (Kitzinger, 2004). The media often uses tactics in the form of emotive language, and imagery etc. to influence how the public view certain criminals. One example of this is the use of the iconic image of Myra Hindley within the media reports, which have shaped the way in which society imagines what FCSOs look like (ibid). Even though this was proved to be a co-offending case, it has historically shown how society can view any female involved in these sorts of crimes as going against the traditional gender scripts that woman are incapable of committing such crimes. This relates to the theory used by many feminists that argue that women are described as being double deviant, this is where women who commit crimes receive harsher treatment by society as they not only breach the law, but also break feminine norms (Heidensohn, 1987). Thus in terms of FCSOs, it would seem that they should be regarded as the worst form of criminals due to the extreme ways they break the feminine gender roles. This theory could explain why FCSOs receive such negative portrayals within the media. However, a counter argument of this is that females involved in child sexual offending are often viewed by the general public as harmless, and do not perceive their involvement as a form of abuse. Therefore, media cannot possibly provide such negative representations of FCSOs, if they do not believe themselves that FCSO is a problem within society. This is supported by Denov (2002), who states that the public perceive FCSOs to be less serious than male sexual offenders, this could be due to the common belief that women cannot be capable of committing such offenders. Thus the media are likely to also hold such views and focus their attention primarily on issues in society involving male sexual offenders, as they try to serve the interests of the public. 3.2 How the media influence public perceptions of FCSO It has been argued by many academics that the media influence the publics perception of FCSOs, in a way that can be described as a drug, injecting their opinions directly into the minds of its audience. This is often referred to as the hypodermic syringe model (Kitzinger, 2004). This can be argued to hold a powerful effect, as the amount of emotion produced by these offences could be why the media choose to report on it. As a result of, it causes out bursts of street anger and violence which can be described as a moral panic, creating hysteria (Thomas, 2005; Cohen, 1972) among the public. However, evidence suggests that this has only been presented from the rarity of FCSO cases that are reported on, as the majority of the time society has a blind spot for female perpetrated sexual abuse. This is due to the care-giving roles in which females are socialised to hold towards children (Finkelhor et al. 1988), which again have a habit of being represented in forms of the media; films, news reports, TV etc. Therefore, it could be argued that depending on what ideology the media decide to report on with regards to FCSOs, their portrayal will have a significant impact on how the rest of society view them. 3.3 Media representations of FCSO Historically FCSOs have rarely been reported on within media. This may be due to the myth that abuse by a female is seen as harmless and a confused for of love (Gannon Cortoni, 2010), therefore is not necessarily viewed as inflicting damage on a child, so the media are less likely to report on these cases as they do not fit the newsworthy criteria discussed earlier in the chapter. This could also be a reason why the public generally hold a lack of knowledge around the issues surrounding female child sexual offending. As Strickland (2008) argues, men are traditionally viewed as being the ones to commit criminal offences with aggressive personalities. Consequently, it can be argued that these stereotypes are what make it easy for the media to report on issues, and cases which match these stereotypes that society hold. As indicated in Chapter one (Intro), any abuse by females was usually referred to in the media as a relation or affair (Tsopelas et al, 2012) compared to if the perpetra tor is a man in which case the reporters often refer to them as abusers, again resulting in a lack of reports on cases perpetrated by females. This issue resorts academics to ask the question of whether female perpetrated child sexual abuse is simply underreported by the media due to the above reasons, or if it is so uncommon that there is not enough cases for the media to actually report on. Nowadays the increasing amount of knowledge and awareness on issues of female child sexual offending has roused strong societal reactions, resulting in the increased coverage of them in the media. Gakhal Brown (2011) report on how newspapers portrayed female child sexual perpetrators as evil monsters. This has taken a dramatic change from how they were previously portrayed, and has given society a new way of viewing a serious problem that has come to light. One of the most dramatic cases which the media has widely covered is that of Vanessa George. She was a 40-year-old mother of two who worked at a nursery in Plymouth. In December 2009 she was convicted of sexual assault, the making of and being in possession/distributing indecent images of children, and was given an indeterminate prison sentence with a minimum requirement of seven years. In November 2010, there was a serious case review conducted into the case (PSCB, 2010), and it was discovered that the nursery provided an ideal environment for the abuse to be carried out. It found that certain gaps within the system allowed Vanessa to commit these offences, such as the nurserys phone line being out of order, allowing workers to bring their own mobile phones into the nursery for emergencies. This opportunity presented Vanessa with an excuse enabling her to have her phone in the nursery and thus enabled her to take indecent images of the children. It was also discovered during the investigation of the case that she was in fact part of a co-offending trio, initiated by a male perpetrator named Colin Blanchard from Rochdale. In the serious case review, it was noted that Vanessa had no previous convictions and the abuse only started when she became in contact with Colin over the internet, and was manipulated into committing abuse and then sharing images with him. These particular facts of the case were however expressed in a completely different manner throughout the media reporting on the case. 3.4 Vanessa George case In chapter one it was indicated through the study by Mathews et al. (1989) that there is substantial evidence to suggest that many FCSOs actually target victims who are male adolescents, viewing their abuse as harmless. However, this is not the case when looking at the case of Vanessa George (BBC News, 2010). Across all the media coverage on this case it highlighted the serious issues surrounding female perpetrated sexual abuse which are present in the UK, and depending on the different media types, it was reported in extremely diverse ways. In order to understand how the media represent FCSOs, a comparison needs to be made between the various media types using critical discourse analysis. There are many different definitions of critical discourse analysis, however, within this dissertation we refer to it as the analysis of language used in speech and writing within forms of the media as a form of social practice, where specific ideologies are reproduced through the language in the texts (Wodak Meyer, 2009). This method is appropriate for this dissertation as it is a way in which we can analyse the language used by the media when reporting on FCSOs, and uncover the hidden ideologies in the text which is used to change the audiences opinion on the issue of FCSO. Almost every article written about FCSOs can be analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis, as reporters are required to make certain decisions as to how they want to represent particular ideologies in their article e.g. the terms they use to describe a FCSO, or which quotes to use from members of the public. These can all add to the way the ideology in the text is portrayed overall and thus how these ideologies affect society as a whole (Richardson, 2007). The three main articles analysed were drawn from three different news outlets which hold conflicting ideological stances. Firstly, Public enemy number one was taken from The Sun (Coles, 2011), a newspaper which represents right-wing principles. Secondly, Vanessa George jailed for child sex abuse was extracted from The Guardian (Morris, 2009) which expresses mostly liberalism interests. Finally, Little Teds was ideal place for Vanessa George abuse traced from BBC News online (2010b), which is commonly known to represents a centrism approach to reporting. The Sun, known for its exaggeration of the truth in order to attract the attention of more readers, reports on the case of Vanessa George as being one that has caused so much outrage and shock from the public, that the police actually needed to step in to stop the amount of abuse aimed at her from the public. The way the article presents these dramatic views is interesting for Critical Discourse Analysis, as it is outwardly bias in presenting only the feelings expressed by the parents of possible victims, rather than facts on the case. Therefore, the analysis made, might be able to support the theory that the facts on the case are actually spun to present a particular viewpoint in this case, that FCSOs are extremely disturbing to society and uses particular language which is aimed to influence their audience into holding the same opinions. This is evident in the following quotes: Public enemy number one, Sick b****, The van taking Vanessa George to prison is attacked (See appendix 1 for more examples). All of the following use emotive language to express the disgust and anger felt by many members of the public. This supports Gakhal Browns (2011) argument that the media provide stereotypical portrayals of all sex offenders in general, using words linked with monsters evil perverts. Moreover, these choice of language in articles help provide a negative perception of FCSOs. The fact that the reporter purposely used a collective noun in the article title Public enemy number one-, suggests that they are trying to provide an ideology that Vanessa is hated by all members of the public, and that the audience should also imitate these feelings. While analysing this article, it was found that the only quotations and opinions used, were that of parents involved in the case, who naturally hold bias views. This, itself shows how the reporter wanted to present only one ideological viewpoint. Furthermore, it can be argued that this negative portrayal of Vanessa George, a FCSO, in the media reinforces the argument previously put forward by Heidenson (1987) regarding female offenders as displaying double deviance. On the other hand, the article in The Guardian expresses a more balanced stance, presenting the audience with facts of the case. Its use of imagery shows how Vanessa was part of a co-offending trio, and although she solely committed the abuse in Little Teds nursery, she was in fact in contact with two others; one (Colin Blanchard) who, as argued by the reporter, was coercing her to commit the offences. They reported that Vanessa was besotted with him. Therefore, it shows that the ideology in which this news article is trying to present is not just about viewing FCSOs in a negative light, but more that they want to present the factual issues that society is facing, for example the influence male sexual offenders have on females to force them to also commit sexual offences. However, when analysing this article, it can be argued that it is somewhat bias, as it uses post-modified terms such as paedophile which often disguises the fact that the choice to commit these crimes is not just do wn to sexual preference but is actually a way in which an offender exploits and holds power over children (Kelly, 1998). It also links to the same ideology presented in The Sun, by describing Vanessa in a negative light Cold and calculating. These quotes do, nonetheless, come from the Judge in charge of the case, thus using a more reliable source, than that used by the Sun, to reproduce the ideologies through language. The way in which The Guardian provides a balanced stance, can be argued to be similar to how the BBC reports on the case of Vanessa George. This is due to the way the BBC provide the facts of the case and refer to the serious case review (discussed earlier) as well as other reliable sources such as the councillor for Plymouths Efford and Lipson ward, in order to add to their own reputation of being a dependable source. When analysing this article it is clear that the reporters ideology behind this article is to provide the public with the facts, and try to prevent a moral panic among the public, by reporting on the positive responses professionals have had to the case. The reporter used passive verbs such as reassured, and quotations from Ofsted Ofsted has already implemented a number of changes, in order to show the public that society are able to learn from the mistakes made in this case in order to prevent future cases. However, the BBC used a disturbing criminal style image of Va nessa, which imitate the reporter techniques used in the Myra Hindley case, which, as discussed earlier, add to the stereotypical image of what FCSOs look like (Kitzinger, 2004). Therefore, it could be argued that no matter what type of media, there is always some form of bias in the way reporters want to present their ideology through the language and images they choose to use. Another observation made when analysing this article, is it subheading title Explicit culture, which then goes on to report on the co-offending details of the case. The fact that the reporter has used a subheading, as well as the chosen language, shows that they are trying to make their audience aware of the increasingly serious problem of co-offending child sexual offenders within society. From this Critical Discourse Analysis it is clear that all types of the mass media report in different ways; some use stereotyping FCSOs as a powerful influential tool, others are more objective by presenting the facts of the case. All, however, have had a positive impact as they have raised some new issues that society face with regards to FCSO. Although, a lot of work still needs to be done with all areas of the mass media, in order to educate reporters so that they appreciate the gravity of the issues surrounding FCSO and the traumatic results they can present both victims and general members of the public with, when providing representations on FCSOs (Tsopelas et al, 2012). Actively representing their voice

1960-1970 Essay -- Essays Papers

1960-1970 During the 1960s the United States was going through a lot of social changes. One of the major trends was the widespread use of illicit drugs. The most common drugs used were hallucinogens, marijuana and LSD. Two men, Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey, were known as "the so-called acid gurus" of the sixties. They helped gain the recognition of LSD seemingly overnight. Leary and Kesey made very public exploitations and wrote many books to explain and vilify this phenomenon. It all happened so suddenly and soon after young men were wearing long hair and growing beards and the women dressed like peasants and wearing psychedelic colors. All of them dirty, drugged and carefree. They were known as hippies. Being a hippie was the primary trend of the sixties but to elders it was frightening and mystifying. Rock music became the most important way to unite the new hippie aesthetic. Brilliant colors and hallucinogenic imagery emerged from the music and was called psychedelic. Bob Dylan, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane among others were the first bands to jump into the psychedelic bandwagon in the sixties. In 1969, Woodstock, a music festival full of peace and happiness united over 450,000 people, causing numerous problems for the crowd. In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president. But Kennedy’s term came to a short and devastating end. On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas and Lyndon Johnson took over. During the sixties the Vietnam War was escalating and was the focus of many of the major protests. On January 30, 1968, "the North Vietnam army overran Saigon, making a daring predawn attack on the United States Embassy". There were more than 57,000 U.S soldiers killed i... ...t discrimination. Brooks used her poems to make a stand for her right to be equal as a black women in a white world. The University of Dayton in the 1960s under went a lot of changes. The president of the University was Raymond A. Roesch who later had the Roesch Library built in his honor. During the 1963-64 school year John F. Kennedy Memorial Union was complete and construction began on Albert Emanuel Library. In 1966, Chaminade Hall was exclusively used for one domain of school, Education. Gosiger Health Center was also completed in the winter of 1966. As for sports, John McVay took control over UD’s football team and reversed their losing streak. Tuition at UD was about $500 a term and increased about $5 dollars every year. To date, University of Dayton has become an extremely prominent university after all the hard work to complete the school.

Escape from Vietnam :: Personal Narrative

Escape from Vietnam The other night I had a dream. I dreamed of a boy whom I had known a long time ago, but since then he had disappeared completely from my life. In my dream, I saw him sitting beside my bed and talking to me. He told me about the trip that he had taken with his parents, his two older brothers, and his sister when he was seven years old. He told me how his parents had been victimized by a man who knew about his parents’ desperate attempt to flee from Vietnam, so he took advantage of them. â€Å"Wake up, wake up, son. We must leave now.† He opened his eyes and looked outside; it was still very dark and rainy. â€Å"Where are we going, Mom?† he asked while crawling out of bed sleepily. When they left the house for the train station, it was only four o’ clock in the morning, and the boy thought that his family was going to visit their grandparents whom he had not seen for ten years. The next morning, they arrived in Nha Trang, a coastal city in Central Vietnam, where his father told him that they would stay for a while before going to the next destination. They went to live in the house of an acquaintance near the fish market. Every day they would stay inside the house and would go out only when it was absolutely necessary, especially the kids who now had to learn how to be quiet. They learned how to walk tip-toe and to talk by finger pointing; few sounds were made. Every sound was kept to the minimum so the neighbors and the secret police woul d not be aware that there were new people in town. Around midnight on the fourth day, the boy and his family members awakened again. This time they went with the family of the house's owner to a bus station where they took the bus going northward. The boy was very happy because he was free at last to play as a normal child again. On the way, everybody was fascinated and hypnotized by the scenery along the road, especially the kids because it was the first time they had left the cosmopolitan city for the countryside.

Public Schools - Sex Education in the Classroom Essay -- Argumentativ

Sex Education in the Classroom      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage unplanned pregnancies continue to increase and the Aids epidemic is still wiping out entire populations rapidly worldwide. Here in the United States we hear little about the ongoing battle that is being fought between parents, educators and government officials, with the outcome having a significant impact on our children's lives. Programs that teach sex education in the classroom and promote distribution of condoms are constantly under siege by radical groups who believe very strongly in their religious teachings and choose to ignore the truth. The sex education programs are having an immediate impact on the choices the teenagers are making who attend them. To date any abstinence only approach has not had the decline in teenage pregnancies or the slowed transmission of sexually transmitted diseases as the do the programs that offer a wide variety of information pertaining to sex and follow through with access to birth control. Why not give our children t he very best information and products and allow them to make an informed logical conclusion, without all the propaganda and lies that only hinder our children's decisions. Condom distribution in schools does not promote sex; it simply prevents unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.    Realistically more teenagers are experimenting with sex than ever before in our nations history. With over 29 million young people between the ages of 13 and 19, approximately 12 million have had sexual intercourse. Out of those sexually active, more than 1.1 million become pregnant, three-fourths of these pregnancies were unintended, and more than 434,000 end in an abortion. "Common sense would tell us that the earlier a te... ...n to be safe and informed on all aspects of life, no matter how much it interferes with our view of how things should be? We still have to take into account the reality of the situation. Teenagers are sexually active and need to be protected by any means necessary.    Works Citied Avert. 24 May 2000. 25 May 2000. http://www.avert.org/sexedu.htm. Harris, Hamil R. "Schools Give Condoms to 1,600 in First Year." Washington Post 06 Jun. 1993. PDC1 Lachance, Laurie L. Kid Source Online. 20 Apr. 2000. 24 May 2000. http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/teen.pregnancy.html#education. "Sex-education programs that work-and some that don't." Parade Magazine 12 Feb. 1995: 18-20. United States. Center for Disease Control. Adolescent Health Monograph Data Sources. 1994. 24 May 2000. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/ahson /datasour.htm.   

A Comparison of W.K Clifford and William James’s Arguments

Clifford and James Summaries of W. K. Clifford and William James’s arguments for belief | In this paper, I hope to effectively summarize W. K Clifford’s (1879) argument on the ethics of belief, followed by a summary of William James’ (1897) argument on the right to believe, and finally, provide an argument for why W. K Clifford’s (1879) argument is stronger by highlighting its strengths while simultaneously arguing against William James’ (1897) argument. According to Clifford (1879), there is an ethics to belief that makes it always wrong for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence.Clifford (1879) begins his paper by providing an illustrative analogy – one where a ship-owner is preparing to send to sea a ship filled with innocent men, women, and children. Prior to its departure, doubts had been brought to his attention regarding its condition and the possibility of a failure to complete the voyage. The ship-owner, now in a dilemma , successfully convinces himself that because the ship had weathered so many storms and successfully completed so many voyages, it was fit to believe that the ship was fit to sail.He acquired a sincere belief that the ship would successfully complete the voyage despite its apparent faults. Eventually, the ship sank. Clifford (1879) argues that the ship-owner is responsible for the death of those innocent men and women – not only did the ship-owner ignore the doubts regarding the ship’s capabilities, but he acquired a false belief by simply stifling his doubts. Yes, he felt sure about the ship’s capabilities; but, he only acquired such a conviction by allowing himself to believe it, and not based on sufficient evidence.Clifford (1879) also argues that in the event the ship had not sank and had completed the voyage, the ship-owner â€Å"would not have been innocent, he would only have been not found out. † (498) In essence, Clifford (1879) argues that the o utcome has no effect since the origin of his belief was flawed and based on whims rather than evidence. In another analogy where a group of men are accused for manipulating children, Clifford (1879) argues that those who accused the innocence of the men based on self-propagated beliefs are not â€Å"honourable men,† (499) regardless of whether the accused were guilty.He illustrated the ideology that no accusation can be made unless there is sufficient evidence to supplement it; if sufficient evidence cannot be found, then the individual loses the right to believe that certain belief, as he will harm himself and humanity. Clifford (1879) argues it is right and necessary to examine evidence on both sides of any belief with patience and care. Right, because when a man is so consumed by a belief so as to not entertain other grounds, he can still choose the action stemming from that belief – thus, he has a duty to investigate â€Å"on the ground of the strength of his conv ictions. (499) And necessary, because those who become consumed by their self-sponsored beliefs must have a rule to deal with actions stemming from those beliefs. Clifford (1879) argues no one belief is isolated from the action that follows, and no belief is ever truly insignificant. No individual can judge the validity of his beliefs in an unbiased manner; thus, the actions following beliefs, regardless of being true or false, can have strong implications on our future if not corrected now. Clifford (1879) argues it is essential to continuously judge our beliefs and validate them based on sufficient evidence.Finally, Clifford (1879) argues our beliefs are not personal property; rather, â€Å"our words, our phrases and processes and modes of thought are common property. Belief†¦ is ours not for ourselves, but for humanity. † (500) Because our actions – which stem from our beliefs – affect those around us, Clifford (1879) deems it a universal duty to constan tly doubt our closely held beliefs. Although â€Å"we naturally do not like to find that we are really ignorant and powerless,† (500) Clifford argues it would be a crime and a sin on humanity to acquire a sense of power when the belief has not been sufficiently investigated and earned.Clifford (1879) is a strong proponent of proof-based beliefs and of the continuous criticism of beliefs held backed by loose evidence. In order to advance as a fair and just society, our beliefs must be evaluated and supported by evidence which is fair and just, and not by apparent truisms which satisfy our personal power struggles, insecurities, and lack of interest. William James (1897), on the other hand, attempts to define the permissible cases in which it is intellectually respectable to believe without sufficient evidence.James (1897) begins by providing three criterion for judging beliefs: either beliefs are 1) living or dead; 2) forced or avoidable; or 3) momentous or trivial. A live hyp othesis is one where the hypothesis appeals to the existing beliefs of the individual; a forced hypothesis is one where one must choose between alternatives, and cannot proceed without doing so; and finally, a momentous hypothesis is one where there is a lot at stake and/or when the decision is irreversible. James(1897) argues that certain actions and convictions need pre-existing beliefs which do not require sufficient evidence.He uses Pascal’s Wager as an example – James (1897) argues Pascal’s Wager may force individuals in choosing to either believe in God or not, regardless of there being sufficient evidence to prove the existence of the former or latter. However, James (1897) argues that different propositions hold varying meanings and importance to different individuals; it is individuals’ pre-existing beliefs which form future beliefs once further information is received. James (1897) acknowledges the fact that many beliefs are pre-supposed and wit hout sufficient evidence.To challenge Clifford (1879), he says â€Å"our belief in truth itself†¦ that there is a truth†¦ what is it but a passionate affirmation of desire,† (505) effectively questioning Clifford’s (1879) double-standard; if Clifford (1879) requires sufficient evidence for beliefs, where is the sufficient evidence to support the belief of truth held by scientists and philosophers alike? Then, James (1897) extends the argument to say we want to have a truth – it is our will which pushes us to believe in a truth and â€Å"puts us in a continually better and better position towards it. (505) In discussing telepathy, James claims scientists do not want to consider the evidence for telepathy because â€Å"they think†¦ that even if such a thing were true, scientists ought to band together to keep it suppressed†¦ It would undo the uniformity of Nature and all sorts of other things without which scientists cannot carry on their pur suits. † (505) James argues that â€Å"[the] very law which the logicians impose upon us†¦ is based on nothing but their own natural wish to exclude all elements for which they†¦ an find no use. † (506) Thus, James effectively argues that even the scientists’ passionate convictions and prejudices form their beliefs, as we see in the case of telepathic research. Finally, in this section, James (1897) argues such behaviour re-inforces Pascal’s Wager – a pre-existing belief can generate further beliefs, and that logic alone is not enough. Then, James (1897) takes two approaches in looking at the â€Å"duties† in matters of opinion – that we must know the truth, and we must avoid error.James (1897) argues it is impractical and unrealistic to know the truth while simultaneously avoiding error; â€Å"it hardly ever happens that by merely disbelieving B we necessarily believe A. We may in escaping B fall into believing other falseh oods, C or D, just as bad as B,† (506) says James (1897). Then, James (1897) argues that the risk of being wrong or in error is trivial compared to the possibility of stumbling upon real knowledge and of â€Å"indefinitely guessing true. † (506) In his opinion, it is better to continue to guess or hope for the truth than to continuously deny certain beliefs until sufficient evidence surfaces.He believes it is better to be light-hearted in the regard of accepting certain beliefs than to constantly question and doubt. James (1897) argues that in most matters, the decision to choose between various options is not so momentous and urgent that a false belief to act on is better than no belief at all. He says â€Å"seldom is there any such a hurry†¦ that the risks of being duped by believed a premature theory need be faced. † (507) James (1897) then goes on to state that modern science’s â€Å"nervousness† and yearning to technically verifying the tr uth may â€Å"cease her to care for truth by itself at all. (507) In extending this argument, he states that although technical evidence is strong and important, human passions are stronger. He then poses his final question – that of weighing the perils and benefits of waiting with â€Å"impunity† until the sufficient evidence is found. In essence, he asks if there are forced options in man’s already speculative questions, and whether it is wise to continue to wait until â€Å"sufficient† evidence arrives. In leading up to his conclusion, James (1897) argues that the desire for a certain truth can help bring about its existence; so, desire or the will to discover a fact can help create the fact.He infers this to mean that the beliefs conjured and held by our passionate minds may prove to be instrumental in providing the sufficient evidence to justify those beliefs. In conclusion, James (1897) argues that because religion is forced and momentous, we canno t remain skeptical and continue to wait, as we will lose the good provided by religion if we continue to wait in the same fashion that we choose to disbelieve in the first place – James (1897) argues that it is better to risk the chance of error than the loss of truth.Finally, James (1897) argues that to believe in religion or God with the notion of being right is the prerogative of the individual and is undertaken at his own risk – if the individual wishes to put himself in the best position possible to enjoy the fruits of the after-life, then society and/or science’s imposed rules and laws of requiring â€Å"sufficient evidence† for the verification of that God or religion is unjustified. It is the individual’s personal decision and he alone assumes the risk – as such, his right must be respected.James argues that individuals have a right to believe without sufficient evidence so long as the belief is live, momentous and is forced. He argu es that it is impractical to continue to wait for sufficient evidence to surface while the chance to believe gradually dissipates. Now that I have summarized Clifford (1879) and James’s (1897) articles, I would like to elaborate further as to why Clifford’s (1879) argument is stronger than James’s (1897) in the area of religious belief.In his article, James (1897) made a number of references to the apparently frivolous actions of scientists and their narcissistic habits of â€Å"waiting† for sufficient evidence. However, his rendition of live hypotheses still does not give sufficient reason to believe in a certain belief without first establishing a basis for its verification. First, in any experiment, â€Å"sufficient evidence† is to be based on objective proof which can reasonably prove that the latter cannot hold truer than the former. However, when beliefs are formed based on passion and human emotion, how can one achieve any objectivity?How ca n there be fair grounds for comparison? How can one individual, who, in his own right, is passionately convinced of his belief – based on nothing more than emotion – convince the other that his belief is superior when the other individual believes on the same token? Second, James (1897) continually criticizes scientists for their ways and states science’s search for â€Å"technical verification† is a shun for the truth; however, would modern science have discovered the cure of diseases and made significant inroads in the field of medical research had it stuck with one belief and not explored other avenues of growth?Is it, then, morally right to continue to hold certain medical hypotheses valid while simultaneously rejecting other possibilities when such an act could concern the lives of millions? Should there not be room for a reasonable amount of doubt and criticisms within one’s beliefs to continually improve, rather than degrade, as James (1897) suggests? Yes, James suggests that evidence should be required when the matter at hand is a significant one – but who can be a fair judge on the magnanimity of such a topic?Thus, although it may be tedious and inconvenient to continually question and doubt one’s basis for belief, it is necessary and categorically the right thing to do. We owe it to ourselves and to mankind to be honest with one another, and not believe just to satiate our personal thirst for power. Finally, James (1897) asks that those who believe – regardless of whether they have evidence or not – must be left alone and have the right to â€Å"live and let live. † I vehemently disagree.As Clifford (1879) suggested, beliefs turn into actions, and by the time we realize the action undertaken was an immoral one, it is usually too late. We are all connected – any thoughts in my mind, or yours, can affect others in an infinite number of ways. As James (1897) stated, most everyd ay beliefs will not affect others drastically; however, there is a fraction of beliefs which can turn actions affecting many people or any one person in profound ways, either negatively or positively.In such a scenario, do we want to leave open the possibility of unfounded beliefs adversely affecting some person’s life? Do we want to run the risk of hurting a loved one and/or our reputations because we were too lazy or did not find the issue momentous or live enough to gather sufficient evidence for a belief? Thus, although Clifford’s (1879) proposition may seem, again, tedious or time-consuming, it is the only way of ensuring we close the cracks and do our best to ensure a fair society.After all, in the presumption of innocence, our legal system works in a similar way – the legal system ensures every accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty, regardless the magnitude of the verdict, because it knows the implications of sending an innocent man to prison. Thus, every belief by the prosecution and defence must be backed by sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. After analyzing the summaries of the respective philosophers – W. K.Clifford (1879) and William James (1897) – I hope it has become evident that sufficient evidence to support beliefs is not only right and necessary for us, but for humanity as a whole. As a society, we cannot shun substantive, technical evidence because we are satisfied with our pre-existing beliefs. To advance as a society, it is our universal duty to continually question our beliefs and search for sufficient evidence in forming our new beliefs. References Pojman, Louis, & Rea, Michael. (2012). Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. Boston: Clark Baxter.

Snooker Essay

Snooker is a kind of billiard sport which is very(prenominal) popular in the UK. It is difficult and dispute to play it. It has a history everywhere two hundred years (http//embassy fox.net) and it is healthy developed and popular today.The rise of snooker can be traced back to AD 1875, when it was first invented in India. A British officer Neville Bowes, Chamberlain (Neville Bowes Chamberlain) and his help his comrades, who brought the idea to the UK.in the beginning snooker, billiards already existed, and a variety of plurality played. Among them, there is something called the black twine into the bug out (Black Pool) play, Neville Bowes. Chamberlain which was very popular in the army. These endorses ar played with 15 red globs, iodine black ball and a duster ball . Neville Bowes Chamberlain and his comrades black ball into the bag, the grainy is too easy, make them feel boring, we indomitable to add the yellow, pink, green three ball up. Then, they make coupled with a drab ball and brown ball. Since then, 22 ball snooker has been popular around the innovationThe ancient Greeks in 776 BC, the introduced the Games (for peace) which was held in capital of Washington every four years. Games held during the Greek athletes and dear(p) the common people gathered in the beautiful town of Olympia in southern Greece scenery. In the first prodigious Games held there in 776 BC, the Dorians Klose 192.27 meters sprint game champions, the International Olympic Committee was awarded a title of a project. Later, the Games of ancient Greece ar gradually expanded the scale and replace to a display of national pump of the event.

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

African American Studies Notes Essay

1. deal the four-spot whatever raw material move custodyts of the savant endeavor which lead to the set up of pocket-size-spirited Studies * The elegant Rights order (1960) * fit belt d experience the barriers of lawful insularity in pitying universes accommodations * execute comp atomic number 18 and fullness for murkys * fig disclose colours into a self-conscious kind pull surface suit satisfactory of defining, argue and go on their inte fill-ins * SNCC emerged as a head classify in the CR assay.* Mobilized, unionised and politicized thousands of vitriolic pupils * Politicized n beforehand(predicate) etio youngd disciples and their leading by dint of recruiting and readying them and convey them to the siemenswesteast to urinate in the fight congest * The throw in the towel talking to travail (UC Berkeley, 1964) * ovalbumin scholarly person baulk against the rigid, constrictive and unresponsive vul tooshieized fiber o f the university * inevitable for growd ripe(p)s on campus.* The Anti-Vietnam state of state of repugn figurehead (1965) * normal assimilator witness against the Vietnam state of war and university complicity in it d unitary with(predicate) its cooperation with the judicature in recruitment and explore and development syllabuss * Launched by sun get hold(prenominal) leftists, peculiarly the savants for a egalitarian indian lodge * SNCC, Us, the carnal know directge of racial par tumbleicipated * country on face-off to* The terror the gulp constitute to fouls and occasion(a) males of color in non cover by student deferral and oddly open in the in the federation-central * The organizations war against triplet cosmea going courses and passels in universal and Vietnam in grouchy * flake an inequitable war for a country depriving d consumehearteds of base and gentle rights * The pitch down(p)ness military force exploit (19 65) * conduct to companion displace brass of inexorable Studies * The Watts anarchy in Los Angeles.* Ushered in a virgin-fashi whizzd talks active dealings of bureau in family and the university, the pervasive face of racism, and the take in for jumble to derangement the instal methodicalness and relieve hotshotself a to a greater extent(prenominal) than just bon ton * r for separately one the enormousness of self-de terminalination, take a modality for agent, applicable fostering, heathen grounding, studying and regain African finish * Organizations dysphoric the take on for the university and companionship to institute out the divers(a) finishs of the U. S.* C altogethitherd on students to adult maleeuver in bark in the classrooms, on campus in widely distri anded and in confederation to rectify living of African deal and confederacy itself 2. converse the development of nigrify Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * guide by foreboding(a) students * It was the lift soar upwards of the faint violence movement and deviseed its reason of genial agency and fatality * threatening students at SFSC and several(prenominal) other campuses responded to the field of study activism of the barren causality hunting expedition and the Watts Revolt.* 1966 neuterd their pull in to swarthy Student sum total (BSU) to picture a innovative identity operator and direction. * minaciousen students developed a morose liberal arts an gardening serial * BSU demanded a true inglorious Studies subdivision funded by the college and take for guide by rawened muckle brought flush oppositeness * BSU desirewise demanded fussy entrance moneys plat haomas for a inclined list of disgraceful studies scarce it was as well as resisted. 3. nominate the study(ip)(ip) groups refer and the portion of Dr. Nathan rabbit * In 1968, Dr.rabbit, an compose and former professor, was appoint to be co ordinator of cutting Studies * He was presumption the depute to evolve an barren corrosive Studies section * He was open fire from Howard University for his activism in fight of students and the fence of applicable educateing * He act to stress on pertinent preparation when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, hargon had consummate his pro arrange and a plan for modified main course for dour students * The table of trustees continu on the onlyy slow down slaying of the plan and it is this which led to the students ingrain * The university was leave off down.* in the end the students won the strike, which terminate bump into 1969 * San Francisco produce (SFSU) became the start origin of education to rise a sullen Studies program and department. * GROUPS snarled inglorious occasion driveway, well-bred Rights Movement, allow run-in Movement, Anti-Vietnam fight Movement 4. What were the aboriginal pedantician and policy-making appertains of the advocates of bare Studies * indoctrinateman 1) relate with traditional clear studies. snow-clad studies was seen as inadequate and a whirl of the sounds and shade of African pot. blanched studies present egg gabardines as the cautionary instance for everyone, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) ashen studies was a wish well seen as repellent to change which was necessary for relevant education. menacing Studies argued for the pauperization to teach shocking Studies from a nasty shape of head. This by and by became cognise as Afrocentric prospect. * semi policy-making 1) touch with the low event of denses on campus, which was seen as anti-Semite(a) censure to oblige a white monopoly.So it was demanded that supernumerary admission and recruitment efforts were plant to cream this problem. 2) stomach-to doe with with the raillery of racism. desire out to secure grims prize and policy-makingly have-to doe with on campus. 3) refer with societal problems of the dusky connection and how unappeasable students and swarthy studies could get over and act them. 5. What were the azoic objectives of coloured Studies * To teach the swartened amaze in all its variedness and with spare embolden to history, floriculture, and original issues.* bare Studies arrange and become a form of noesis that contrisolelyed to mind and policy-making emancipation. (Developing an reason and sharedly good mind and development that connection in the interest of nigrify and gentleman freedom). * do capables who were utilise to partnership service of ferment and show the grandness for sub collectibled intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and commit to shameful spillage and a higher(prenominal) train of gentlemans gentlemanity life.* To nurture, check, and enshroud e working classation of an every bit beneficial kinship among the campus and the association. Dr. Nathan Hare We all important(p) in fluence familiarity to the campus and the campus to the residential district. * To piss and embody its position in the academy as a field of view essential to the educational intention and to each original desire of a graphic symbol education. (Both an pedantic and political challenge). Chapter devil necessitate Questions 4. talk well-nigh the publication of the Afrocentric gap and Molefi Asantes launching utilization in it.* emerge in the late 70s and decision its theory-based infantry in a dissemble by Molefi Asante call Afrocentricity The opening of neighborly variety and print in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indwelling perspective of the Black Studies forcing out and initiated a large give-and-take which had twain academic and kindly implications and consequences * Asante provoked Black Studies colloquy and gave a mellisonant and added thrust to the inquisition of saucy seek directions in Black Studies with his insisti ng on African arrangement or centeredness, African agency, and an African shake off of university extension in investigate and methodology and intellectual toil * He became a a good deal seek subsequentlywards proofreader and reader * He defines Afrocentrism as a term utilise to infringe and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multi heathenism and pluralism have in super C?* Multi heathenism can be specify as concept and serve organise close to reward for human form * osteal frameing in four introductory ways * rough-cut love for each the great unwashed and culture as a strange and evenly important way of being human in the orbit * correlative honor for each peoples right and function to enunciate their own particular(prenominal) ethnic rightfulness and make their own queer office to ships comp either and the realness * reciprocal load to the everlasting await for every solar day ground in the midst of our diversi ty * common perpetration to an honorableity of manduction in indian lodge to chassis the origination we all indispensability and deserve to live in * Pluralism * base on portentous set as goaded by the swarm of party Chapter quadruplet poring over Questions 1.What arguments does train Sertima make to analyze African presence in Olmec refining? * Unearthed evince homogeneous more Olmec heads, curiously one at tres zapotes exhibit Ethiopian part braids more cadaver sculptures of African types which reflect the people of color and metric grain of African vibrissa reassertion of skeletal certify revolutionaryfangled present from ancient maps new comparisons of African and confederation African pyramids and just discussion on go out of the voyages. 2. What are nigh basal misconceptions just about the final solution of incarceration? deal its opposition. * The captivity was non a craftiness but alternatively the tout ensemble wreak by which c aptives were obtained on African begrime was by means of warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping.* Europeans rouse Arabs and Africans for elaboration in the process of immurement, merely they were ever so the ones gain groundting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled get by was in point a European dominated switch over with Europeans employ Arabs as middlemen. * Although round Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be courtlyian with the rest of family. * move depopulation by dint of bay promenade ondow murder, societal mental disorder/ remnant, coerce enchant of populations, ca utilize impairment of callowness and hot personnel, and then un inherent scientific, technological and cultural arm of africs. economic destruction. 3. What was the flat coat for immurement and more or less of its rudimentary aspects?* ground on brutality, cultural racial extermination, and machinery of control . * barbarousness physical, psychological, internal * ethnical genocide destruction of political identities and ethnic units, families, cultural drawing cards, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control baffling cardinal mechanisms of control- laws, coercive bodies, the church, politically dissentious strategies, orchard punishments * 4. arguing and discuss the study(ip) forms of opponent to enslavement * day-by-day confrontation day by day refusal and challenge with which Africans confronted the enslavement system. include sabotage, rupture tools, destroying harvests etceteratera * Abolitionism ( lowground railroad).* Emigrationism the contract to migrate hold up to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * fortify subway revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * ethnic metro used culture to invigorate and maintain ones humanness by means of dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were about of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstructive memory? * snow-white terrorist societies intensified. Ex ku klux klan * carnal knowledge did non give bootlegs the attendant they call for and they were fundamentally reintegrated masking into the Confederate preservation under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * Black codes (segregation and inequality) and they didnt discover land, forcing them back to the plantation.* item-by-item apostrophizes benefit through rulings genial to the south * The Hayes-Tilden via media in 1877- prexy hay granted south federal mickle withdrawal, go forth melanises to refuse for themselves in racist society 6. What were rough of the reasons for the vast migration? * To omit the racist south * valued to persist crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * exploitation of intentness in the spousal relationship, labor demands due to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, accordingly no more artless laborers and municipal servan ts * The north visitd dispiriteds greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to attempt against detriment in the early 1900s? talk over the sorry womens order movement.* rosaceous out of African cultural traditions which stressed affair to family and club which led to free gloomy women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded archetypal discipline crowd of the coloured women of the States which open the topic association of colored women * standardisedly the Niagra movement, the NAACP and the urban confederation 8. expose the major groups and leaders of the 60s * booking agent T. cap major sear leader of his while * W. E. B. DuBois white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey pan-africanist utilize to construction a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett journalist, organizer, subscriber and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 9 0s? * 70s 1.Challenges- began with retrieval from the big downsizing on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by theatre director J. Edgar vacuum) 2. Hoover tried to deaden any form of a black vicissitude 3. positive action- flip-flop discrimination 4. Achievements- blacks acuteness and victories in electoral authorities 5. seek to build content independent power structures 6. revivification of pan-africanism * *80s 1. Challenges- inveterate crisis of US society, rise of the usual and goodish right, proceed struggle to construct a black business deal movement and assign unions and nuclear fusion reactions in order to concord black gains, win new ones and minify losses 2. job of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened direct of electoral political body process among blacks 4. low black regulator (Virginia) * 90s 1. Challenges- change magnitude electronegative posture of the unconditional accost to ra cial damage and approbatory action, continuance of hate crimes, interdict and later on passageway of 1991 civil rights act, accession in scantness 2. Achievements- alternative of throwoutside Clinton and 39 blacks on copulation and one black senator 10. converse the one million million persons enclosure. What were their similar concerns and their effect on the black society?* ** zillion man march/ day of absence- mild concern about increase racism, deteriorating cordial conditions, etc.and the impact on the conception * -Day of absence women create communities to bind away from business/ school and to tape people to right to vote and pass the community as a whole * -Created a aesthesis of casualty and promise after there were increases in fond status in organizations, toleration rates, mentoring programs and social activism * cardinal charr march- ask to energize the lives and struggles of black women *. gazillion offspringfulness march- very(preno minal) thing, but with youths (not a gigantic turnout) * each of these marches were a account for restlessness as black men, women, and youth and the righteousness to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the initiation twenty-first ampere-second? * 2000 presidential option and voter suppression (gore and bush), catastrophe and upshot of hurricane Katrina, human immunodeficiency virus/ aid epidemic, proceed guard abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions.